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ation wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 name 2 government 3 economic development 4 history toggle history subsection 4 1 self government re established in 20th century 4 2 late 20th century to present 5 treaties 6 notable sac and fox nation citizens 7 see also 8 references 9 external links toggle the table of contents sac and fox nation 6 languages català français hrvatski bahasa indonesia bahasa melayu українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia native american tribe based in oklahoma ethnic group sac and fox nation total population 3 794 1 regions with significant populations united states oklahoma languages english sauk religion drum society native american church and christianity 2 3 related ethnic groups other sauk people meskwaki kickapoo and other algonquian peoples the sac and fox nation sauk language thâkîwaki is the largest of three federally recognized tribes of the sauk and meskwâki fox peoples of american indians they are based in central oklahoma united states 3 originally from the lake huron and lake michigan area they were forcibly relocated to oklahoma in the 1870s and are predominantly sauk 3 the sac and fox oklahoma tribal statistical area otsa is the land base in oklahoma governed by the tribe the two other sauk and meskwâki tribes are the sac and fox tribe of the mississippi in iowa and the sac and fox nation of missouri in kansas and nebraska the sauk and meskwaki tribes have historically been closely allied and continue to be in the present day they speak very similar algonquian languages which are sometimes considered to be two dialects of the same language rather than separate languages name edit the sauk autonym thâkîwaki is also written thakiwaki othâkîwaki and sa ki wa ki it translated as people coming forth from the water the term fox was erroneously applied to the meskwâki by the united states government during their treaty negotiations 3 government edit black hawk and his son whirling thunder 1833 portrait by john wesley jarvis oil painting in the gilcrease museum tulsa the sac and fox nation is headquartered in stroud oklahoma 2 and their tribal jurisdictional area covers lincoln payne and pottawatomie counties their principal chief is audrey r lee 1 a council of five elected officials each elected for a four year term governs the tribe elections are held in august in odd numbered years 3 as of 2025 update the current administration is 2 principal chief audrey r lee second chief vacant treasurer eugenia tyler dawson secretary shawna spoon committee member robert williamson of the 3 794 enrolled tribal citizens in 2011 2 557 live in oklahoma citizenship in the tribe requires a minimum 1 8 blood quantum with proven descent to ancestors on recognized rolls 1 economic development edit the tribe s housing authority is located in shawnee oklahoma they issue their own tribal vehicle tags and operate eleven smoke shops and two casinos 1 the black hawk casino in shawnee and the sac and fox nation casino in stroud the stroud casino features the center sky stage a live entertainment venue 4 history edit the sac or thakiwaki lived near lake huron and lake michigan at the time of european contact in 1832 they participated in the black hawk war against the united states military leader black hawk remains a cultural hero today after the war the tribe relocated several times from illinois to iowa kansas and finally indian territory in the 1870s 3 their current lands were part of the larger historical sac and fox reservation of 1867 1891 which was 480 000 acres 1 900 km 2 and established by the united states to provide land to the tribes 3 but by the late 19th century u s policy changed again under the dawes act of 1887 these tribal land holdings were divided into 160 acre allotments for individual households intended to encourage the native americans to establish subsistence farming according to the european american cultural ways not only did the act not recognize native american culture but in many places in this arid land the allotments were too small to be farmed successfully their land was allotted under a june 12 1890 agreement with the cherokee commission individual commissions were set up to manage the allotment of lands of various tribes in native american territory land remaining after the allotments was declared surplus by the us and sold primarily to non natives 5 under the related curtis act of 1898 the tribal government and its institutions were dismantled the tribe was previously known as the sac and fox tribe of indians of the mississippi river 3 the sac and fox tribe had historically occupied large portions of wisconsin iowa and missouri which they gradually ceded to the us by treaties forced by european american encroachment by an october 11 1842 treaty they were removed out of the midwest to a reservation in kansas 6 noted diplomat jeffrey deroine a formerly enslaved man served as an interpreter for this treaty 7 by 1889 519 of the tribe were located in indian territory what is now central oklahoma 8 on june 10 1890 they ceded these indian territory lands to the federal government 9 self government re established in 20th century edit the administration of president franklin d roosevelt established what was called an indian new deal passing a law to encourage tribes to re establish self government the oklahoma indian welfare act of 1934 was passed by its legislature in a similar effort in 1937 the sac and fox organized under these laws and gained federal recognition as a tribe with an independent relationship to the federal government they have areas of tribal jurisdiction in oklahoma while no longer having a reservation under their constitution they established tribal citizenship as applying to everyone listed on the tribal dawes rolls and their descendants as long as individuals had a minimum blood quantum of one eighth sac and fox blood equivalent to one great grandparent they recognize that descendants may be brought up as culturally sac and fox while having mixed ancestry 10 late 20th century to present edit the tribe has become increasingly active in asserting its sovereignty since the late 20th century in 1983 the tribal government established its own system for registering vehicles and issuing license plates for tribal citizens the state of oklahoma tried to collect registration fees anyway and the tribe sued the us supreme court ruled in the tribe s favor of its independent sovereignty on may 17 1993 in oklahoma tax commission v sac fox nation other tribes have since established their own systems for vehicle registration on tribal lands the sac and fox nation celebrate may 17 as victory day 3 tribal officials have concentrated on the federal management of trust land fees and environmental issues on their land that has been leased for oil production on may 16 1989 a tribal representative group that included elmer manatowa principal chief truman carter treasurer william rice attorney general james l welsh iii director of real estate and curtis cunard petroleum consultant testified before the 101st congress special committee on investigations of the select committee on indian affairs united states senate the testimony examined the federal government s management of water and natural resources of the sac and fox nation they testified to the extensive surface damage and permanent contamination of the tribal drinking water which was destroyed by waterflooding techniques and the injection well process used by the oil companies these officers also testified to the lack of federal oversight and trust management responsibilities including fraudulent real estate appraisals of their lands this historic testimony by the tribe s representatives the result of their internal investigations revealed the extensive mismanagement of the bureau of indian affairs bia and its failure in carrying out trust responsibilities this was one of a series of suits by tribes against the government on the financial management of trust land fees as a result the bia has made significant trust management changes through the courts the us and the sac and fox nation came to historic financial settlements in compensation for some of the damage citation needed treaties edit the sauk and meskwaki signed a number of treaties with the united states government in the nineteenth century often signed with other tribal nations and involved relocation the treaty of st louis from november 3 1804 which gave away large portions of the land of the sauk and meskwaki to the united states the treaty at fort armstrong september 3 1822 establishes a trading house where individuals of the tribes can be supplied at reasonable prices treaty from august 4 1824 indian treaty of prairie du chien michigan territory august 19 1825 indian treaty of prairie du chien michigan territory july 15 1830 treaty at fort armstrong rock island illinois september 21 1832 treaty with iowa and sauk and fox of the missouri at fort leavenworth september 17 1836 treaty with sauk and fox september 27 1836 treaty ground on the mississippi opposite rock island dubuque county wisconsin territory september 28 1836 treaty of sauk and fox confederated tribes in washington dc october 21 1837 treaty of sauk and fox agency iowa territory october 11 1842 where the sauk and meskwaki cede all lands west of the mississippi river to which they have any claim treaty of sauk and fox of missouri washington dc may 18 1854 treaty of sauk and fox agency kansas territory july 16 1859 treaty of sauk and fox agency kansas territory october 1 1859 treaty of sauk and fox of the missouri and iowa great nemaha agency nebraska territory march 6 1861 details the cessation of land and relocation of the sauk and fox reservation in the iowa territory the sauk and meskwaki are given part of the iowa tribe s territory and current land will be sold by the u s government profits will be used to develop the reservations treaty of sauk and fox of the mississippi washington dc february 18 1867 jim thorpe sac and fox nation olympic athlete notable sac and fox nation citizens edit sara k dye born 1945 physician surgeon saginaw grant 1936 2021 actor known for his roles in breaking bad and the lone ranger 11 jim thorpe ca 1888 1953 athlete who won gold medals in the decathlon and pentathlon at the 1912 stockholm olympics 12 13 14 see also edit lake osakis meskwaki sac and fox nation of missouri in kansas and nebraska sac and fox reservation sac and fox tribe of the mississippi in iowa unga chuk references edit 1 2 3 4 2011 oklahoma indian nations pocket pictorial directory archived april 24 2012 at the wayback machine oklahoma indian affairs commission 2011 31 retrieved january 29 2012 1 2 3 sac fox nation native nations center for tribal policy research university of oklahoma retrieved september 9 2025 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mccollum timothy james sac and fox encyclopedia of oklahoma history and culture oklahoma historical society retrieved january 15 2025 sac fox casino stroud 500 nations retrieved april 12 2010 deloria jr vine demaille raymond j 1999 documents of american indian diplomacy treaties agreements and conventions 1775 1979 university of oklahoma press pp 323 26 isbn 978 0 8061 3118 4 united states senate 1890 congressional serial set executive documents of the senate of the u s first session of the fiftieth congress washington dc u s government printing office p 8 google books retrieved 15 march 2020 olson greg august 1 2015 jeffrey deroine ioway translator frontier diplomat truman state university press p 45 isbn 978 1 61248 154 8 united states office of indian affairs 1899 annual report of the commissioner of indian affairs to the secretary of the interior for the fiscal year ended washington dc u s government printing office pp 199 201 google books retrieved 15 march 2020 united states senate 1890 congressional serial set executive documents of the senate of the u s first session of the fiftieth congress washington dc u s government printing office pp 16 21 google books retrieved 15 march 2020 constitution sac and fox nation retrieved april 12 2010 breslauer jan february 20 1996 the spirit moves him in new and traditional ways los angeles times biography archived july 3 2009 at the wayback machine jim thorpe world s greatest athlete retrieved june 27 2009 hearings may 16 1989 federal government s relationship with the american indians u s government printing office u s senate hearings may 16 1989 federal government s relationship with american indians pdf federal register part 9 31 54 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to sac and fox sac and fox nation official website v t e native american tribes in oklahoma federally recognized tribes absentee shawnee alabama quassarte apache caddo cherokee cheyenne and arapaho chickasaw choctaw citizen potawatomi comanche delaware nation delaware tribe eastern shawnee fort sill apache iowa kaw kialegee kickapoo kiowa miami modoc muscogee creek osage otoe missouria ottawa pawnee peoria ponca quapaw sac and fox seminole seneca cayuga shawnee thlopthlocco tonkawa united keetoowah wichita wyandotte tribal languages still spoken alabama arapaho caddo cayuga cherokee cheyenne chickasaw chiwere iowa and otoe choctaw comanche delaware koasati hitchiti mikasuki mescalero chiricahua fox meskwaki sauk and kickapoo muscogee osage ottawa pawnee ponca potawatomi quapaw seneca shawnee wichita wyandot yuchi authority control databases snac retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title sac_and_fox_nation oldid 1377924139 categories sac and fox nation native american tribes in oklahoma federally recognized tribes in the united states hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use american english from april 2026 all wikipedia articles written in american english use mdy dates from april 2026 webarchive template wayback links related ethnic groups needing confirmation articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters articles containing potentially dated statements from 2025 all articles containing potentially dated statements all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from february 2019 commons category link is on wikidata ...