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king idris and ethiopia s emperor haile selassie sought to moderate negotiations 46 egypt s gamal abdel nasser sent a letter to hassan ii to urge him to stop the fighting in his message he condemned the moroccan attack and justified his support for algeria and suggested a ceasefire and both armies returning to their positions prior to the 8 october attack 37 the united nations received many pleas to issue a ceasefire appeal but secretary general u thant wanted to allow regional initiatives to pursue a solution 46 on october 10 the arab league called for a withdrawal of troops and reconciliation 29 on october 29 hassan and ben bella met to negotiate in bamako mali joined by emperor selassie and mali s modibo keïta 47 after the four leaders met alone on october 30 a truce was declared 47 the accord mandated a ceasefire for november 2 and announced that a commission consisting of moroccan algerian ethiopian and malian officers would decide the boundaries of a demilitarized zone 47 it was also determined that an ethiopian and malian team would observe the neutrality of the demilitarized zone 47 finally the accord suggested an immediate gathering of the foreign ministers of the organisation of african unity oau 47 the meeting would be held to set up a commission to determine who was responsible for starting the war and to examine the frontier question and suggest methods for bringing about a lasting settlement of the conflict 47 battle of figuig the ceasefire was almost jeopardized on november 1 when algerian troops assaulted a village near figuig and positioned themselves against the town s airport 48 surrounded by algerians the town was assaulted by infantry and artillery the moroccans claimed to have beaten them off the town has been under heavy shell fire and the number of dead civilians was reported to be at least 60 49 fighting continued for two days after a cease fire was to have taken effect and morocco reportedly pressed for the united nations security council to consider the algerian moroccan border dispute 50 according to the new york times the algerian artillery barrage at the border town appeared to have erased the ceasefire agreement 51 the attack was denounced and dramatized by the moroccan government 48 algerian foreign minister abdelaziz bouteflika expressed confidence that wisdom will triumph and that algeria and morocco would end renewed border fighting near the moroccan town of figuig 52 a malian officer arrived on november 4 and enforced the bamako accord ending the hostilities 48 peace treaty the oau mediated a formal peace treaty on february 20 1964 53 the treaty was signed in mali following a number of preliminary discussions between hassan and ben bella 23 the agreement s terms included a reaffirmation of the previously established borders in algeria s favor and the restoration of the status quo 2 the demilitarized zone was maintained in the meantime and was monitored by the oau s first multinational peacekeeping force 40 casualties french sources reported algerian casualties to be 60 dead and 250 wounded 3 with later works giving a number of 300 algerian dead 8 morocco officially reported to have suffered 39 dead 7 moroccan losses were probably lower than the algerians but are unconfirmed 3 with later sources reporting 200 moroccan dead 8 about 57 moroccans and 379 algerians were taken prisoner 7 aftermath the sand war laid the foundations for a lasting and often intensely hostile rivalry between morocco and algeria exacerbated by the differences in political outlook between the conservative moroccan monarchy and the revolutionary arab socialist algerian military government 11 54 in january 1969 algerian president houari boumédiène made a state visit to morocco and signed a treaty of friendship with hassan s government in ifrane 23 the following year the two leaders set up a commission to demarcate the border and examine prospects for joint efforts to mine iron ore in the disputed region 23 morocco finally abandoned all claims to algerian territory in 1972 with the accord of ifrane though morocco refused to ratify the agreement until 1989 55 the governments of both morocco and algeria used the war to describe opposition movements as unpatriotic the moroccan unfp and the algerian berber ffs of aït ahmed both suffered as a result in the case of unfp its leader mehdi ben barka sided with algeria and was sentenced to death in absentia as a result in algeria the armed rebellion of the ffs in kabylie fizzled out as commanders defected to join the national forces against morocco the rivalry between morocco and algeria exemplified in the sand war also influenced algeria s policy regarding the conflict in western sahara with algeria backing an independence minded sahrawi guerrilla organization the polisario front partly to curb moroccan expansionism in the wake of the attempt to annex tindouf 56 see also list of modern conflicts in north africa algeria morocco border algeria morocco relations references 1 2 3 4 gleijeses 2002 p 44 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 gleijeses 2002 p 47 1 2 3 4 mikaberidze alexander ed 2011 conflict and conquest in the islamic world a historical encyclopedia vol 1 abc clio isbn 9781598843361 within weeks the war ended in stalemate nicole grimaud 1 january 1984 la politique extérieure de l algérie 1962 1978 karthala editions p 198 isbn 978 2 86537 111 2 l armée française était en 1963 présente en algérie et au maroc le gouvernement français officiellement neutre comme le rappelle le conseil des ministres du 25 octobre 1963 n a pas pu empêcher que la coopération très étroite entre l armée française et l armée marocaine n ait eu quelques répercussions sur le terrain the french army was in 1963 present in algeria and morocco the french government officially neutral as recalled by the council of ministers on october 25 1963 could not prevent the very close cooperation between the french army and the moroccan army from having some repercussions on the ground ottaway 1970 p 166 brian latell 24 april 2012 castro s secrets cuban intelligence the cia and the assassination of john f kennedy st martin s press p 164 isbn 978 1 137 00001 9 in this instance unlike several others the cubans did no fighting algeria concluded an armistice with the moroccan king 1 2 3 4 hughes 2001 page 137 1 2 3 4 clodfelter micheal 2008 warfare and armed conflicts 3rd ed mcfarland isbn 9780786433193 1 2 touval 1967 p 106 biography of allal al fassi 1 2 3 security problems with neighboring states countrystudies us article 6 du traité cité par zartman page 163 reyner 1963 p 316 frank e trout morocco s boundary in the guir zousfana river basin in african historical studies vol 3 no 1 1970 pp 37 56 publ boston university african studies center the algerian moroccan conflict can be said to have begun in 1890s when the administration and military in algeria called for the annexation of the touat gourara tidikelt a sizable expanse of saharan oases that was nominally a part of the moroccan empire the touat gourara tidikelt oases had been an appendage of the moroccan empire jutting southeast for about 750 kilometres into the saharan desert windrow martin 2011 12 20 french foreign legion 1872 1914 bloomsbury publishing isbn 978 1 78096 237 5 morell john reynell 1854 algeria the topography and history political social and natural of french africa n cooke iii edmund burke 2009 02 15 prelude to protectorate in morocco pre colonial protest and resistance 1860 1912 university of chicago press isbn 978 0 226 08084 0 claude lefébure ayt khebbach impasse sud est l involution d une tribu marocaine exclue du sahara in revue de l occident musulman et de la méditerranée n 41 42 1986 désert et montagne au maghreb pp 136 157 les divisions d oran et d alger du 19e corps d armée n ont pu conquérir le touat et le gourara qu au prix de durs combats menés contre les semi nomades d obédience marocaine qui depuis plus d un siècle imposaient leur protection aux oasiens reyner 1963 p 317 heggoy 1970 farsoun paul 1976 p 13 1 2 bidwell 1998 p 415 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 bidwell 1998 p 414 torres garcía 2013 p 327 gleijeses 2002 p 39 how cuba aided revolutionary algeria in 1963 themilitant com 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 gleijeses 2002 p 41 1 2 3 4 trade registers armstrade sipri org archived from the original on 2011 05 13 retrieved 2013 06 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 bloomfield lincoln palmer leiss amelia catherine 1967 the control of local conflict a design study on arms control and limited war in the developing areas center for international studies massachusetts institute of technology pp 517 521 armed conflict events data onwar com 1 2 3 gleijeses 2002 p 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 laínez fernando maría 1976 marruecos argelia primer asalto pdf 1 2 torres garcía 2013 p 328 farsoun paul 1976 1 2 3 wild patricia berko 1966 the organization of african unity and the algerian moroccan border conflict a study of new machinery for peacekeeping and for the peaceful settlement of disputes among african states international organization 20 1 18 36 doi 10 1017 s0020818300002733 issn 0020 8183 jstor 2705788 s2cid 154714888 1 2 ottaway david ottaway marina 2022 03 25 algeria the politics of a socialist revolution univ of california press p 166 isbn 978 0 520 35711 2 1 2 torres garcia ana march 2013 us diplomacy and the north african war of the sands 1963 researchgate torres garcía 2013 p 329 division american university washington d c foreign areas studies 1966 area handbook for morocco u s government printing office p 414 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link 1 2 goldstein 1992 p 174 1 2 3 gleijeses 2002 p 45 gleijeses 2002 pp 41 46 gleijeses 2002 p 42 gleijeses 2002 p 48 1 2 трещёв вадим 16 september 2021 кубинцы в африке первая миссия 1 2 torres garcía 2013 p 335 1 2 3 4 5 6 torres garcía 2013 p 339 1 2 3 torres garcía 2013 p 340 morocco border war the battle for figuig british pathé retrieved 2023 06 17 peter grose 1963 11 04 morocco presses for u n hearing as firing goes on west s view on taking fight to council sought attack by algeria reported response is unenthusiastic bombardments continued morocco presses for u n hearing the new york times issn 0362 4331 retrieved 2023 06 17 peter grose 1963 11 03 truce in sahara remains in doubt after new clash moroccans and algerians exchange accusations on breach in figuig area attack and counterattack algerian tells of attack truce in sahara remains in doubt the new york times issn 0362 4331 retrieved 2023 06 17 peter braestrup 1963 11 03 algeria expresses hope algeria says firing ceases the new york times issn 0362 4331 retrieved 2023 06 17 the 1963 border war and the 1972 treaty archived 2006 09 27 at the wayback machine arabworld nitle org algiers and rabat still miles apart le monde diplomatique zunes stephen summer 1995 algeria the maghreb union the western sahara stalemate arab studies quarterly 17 3 29 jstor 41858127 mundy jacob zunes stephen 2014 western sahara nonviolent resistance as a last resort in dudouet véronique ed civil resistance and conflict transformation transitions from armed to nonviolent struggle routledge p 24 isbn 9781317697787 bibliography bidwell robin 1998 dictionary of modern arab history south glamorgan kegan paul international isbn 978 1138967670 gleijeses piero 2002 conflicting missions havana washington and africa 1959 1976 chapel hill nc university of north carolina press isbn 978 0 807 82647 8 goldstein erik 1992 wars and peace treaties 1816 to 1991 oxfordshire routledge books isbn 978 0415078221 farsoun k paul j 1976 war in the sahara 1963 middle east research and information project merip reports 45 45 13 16 jstor 3011767 link requires subscription to jstor heggoy a a 1970 colonial origins of the algerian moroccan border conflict of october 1963 african studies review 13 1 17 22 doi 10 2307 523680 jstor 523680 s2cid 145424137 link requires subscription to jstor ottaway david 1970 algeria the politics of a socialist revolution berkeley california university of california press isbn 9780520016552 reyner a s 1963 morocco s international boundaries a factual background journal of modern african studies 1 3 313 326 doi 10 1017 s0022278x00001725 jstor 158912 s2cid 154868086 link requires subscription to jstor torres garcía ana 2013 us diplomacy and the north african war of the sands 1963 the journal of north african studies 18 2 324 48 doi 10 1080 13629387 2013 767041 s2cid 144944978 touval s 1967 the organization of african unity and african borders international organization 21 1 102 127 doi 10 1017 s0020818300013151 jstor 2705705 s2cid 154805054 link requires subscription to jstor stephen o hughes morocco under king hassan garnet ithaca press 2001 isbn 0 8637 2285 7 zunes stephen 1995 algeria the maghreb union and the western sahara stalemate arab studies quarterly 17 3 23 36 jstor 41858127 further reading pennell c r 2000 morocco since 1830 a history new york new york university press isbn 978 0 8147 6676 7 stora b 2004 algeria 1830 2000 a short history ithaca cornell university press isbn 978 0 8014 3715 1 v t e armed conflicts involving cuba external and international ten years war cuban war of independence spanish american war world war i world war ii 1952 cuban coup d état cuban revolution escambray rebellion congo crisis bay of pigs invasion sand war cuban missile crisis vietnam war ñancahuazú guerrilla eritrean war of independence south african border war yom kippur war ethiopian civil war angolan civil war intervention ogaden war nicaraguan revolution intervention salvadoran civil war united states invasion of grenada related articles military history foreign interventions military internationalism far minfar cold war sphere of influence v t e list of modern conflicts in the middle east 1910s world war i italo turkish war middle eastern theatre battle of robat karim arab revolt armenian genocide assyrian genocide mount lebanon starvation unification of saudi arabia simko shikak revolt 1919 egyptian revolution turkish war of independence anglo turkish war al jazeera front greco turkish war turkish armenian war franco turkish war revolts united states mahmud barzanji revolts 1920s franco syrian war iraqi revolt 1920 intercommunal conflict in mandatory palestine 1922 dhabyani coup d état adwan rebellion 1923 qaiwani coup d état arab separatism in khuzestan great syrian revolt 1926 dhabyani coup d état 1928 dhabyani coup d état sheikh said rebellion 1930s ararat rebellion ahmed barzani revolt simele massacre saudi yemeni war 1934 goharshad mosque rebellion 1935 1936 iraqi shia revolts 1935 yazidi revolt 1936 1939 arab revolt in palestine dersim rebellion 1940s world war ii italian bombing of palestine allied invasion of iraq syria lebanon campaign anglo soviet invasion of iran 1943 barzani revolt al waziri coup al wathbah uprising kurdish separatism in iran iran crisis of 1946 arab israeli conflict 1948 arab israeli war suez crisis 1967 six day war 1973 yom kippur war 1982 lebanon war 1950s buraimi dispute 1952 eg...