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5 0 2 total 3231 100 according to bauer sawndip characters can be categorized using a more complex system than the six traditional classification principles 5 symbols that do not resemble chinese characters and are borrowed from non chinese writing systems such as the latin alphabet 6 and possibly burmese non standard chinese like characters created as ideographic compounds non standard chinese like characters created as phono semantic compounds example bya mountain is often written as 岜 containing the ideographic mountain in conjunction with phonetic 巴 ba example vunz person is often written as 伝 containing the ideographic radical 亻 man in conjunction with phonetic 云 yún standard chinese characters borrowed solely for their pronunciations and do not share the same original meaning in chinese in accordance with the phonetic loan principle example miz to have is often written as 眉 a character that is pronounced in mandarin chinese as méi but which means eyebrow non standard chinese like characters created specifically for zhuang to indicate the meaning of certain morphosyllables in accordance with indicative ideograms standard chinese characters representing loanwords or etymologically related morphosyllables from chinese example boi cup is written as 盃 a variant character of 杯 bēi cup in chinese standard chinese characters borrowed solely for their meanings and do not have a matching reading in zhuang with chinese new characters made by juxtaposing a pair of chinese characters that spell out the pronunciation of the zhuang word as in the traditional chinese fanqie system with one character representing the initial consonant and the other the rest of the syllable history edit the script has been used for centuries mainly by zhuang singers and shamans to record poems scriptures folktales myths songs play scripts medical prescriptions family genealogies and contracts but exactly when it came into being is not known it is usually reckoned that sawndip started to be used over one thousand years ago in the tang dynasty or earlier 7 8 9 however a study comparing sawndip with the similar but different neighbouring chữ nôm script of vietnam suggested that the script started at latest in the 12th century at about the same time as chữ nôm 10 early vernacular characters edit even before the tang dynasty zhuang or closely related languages were written down using characters that were either chinese or made up of chinese components whether these are viewed as sawndip or as some sort of precursor to sawndip depends not only the evidence itself but also differing views of what counts as sawndip and from what era the term zhuang can be applied some scholars say sawndip started in the han dynasty and note the occurrence on words of zhuang origin in ancient chinese dictionaries such as 犩 which is sawndip for zhuang vaiz water buffalo and in section 19 of the erya is given as having similar pronunciation and means 牛 cattle 8 11 there are some similarities in the poetical style of the song of the yue boatman chinese 越人歌 pinyin yuèrén gē from 528 bc and the zhuang fwen style wei qingwen 韦庆稳 韋慶穩 has interpreted the song by reading the characters as zhuang and some consider the written version and other such songs to be a forerunner though not an example of sawndip 12 it has also been interpreted as being thai dong and cham tang dynasty 7th 9th centuries edit the fact that zhuang readings of borrowed chinese characters often match early middle chinese suggests a sui tang date however it has been noted these could also be explained as later borrowings from conservative pinghua varieties 13 14 chinese characters were already in use in the zhuang area as illustrated by two tang dynasty steles entitled eulogy of the six sided courtyard 六合坚固大宅颂 六合堅固大宅頌 liù hé jiāngùdàzhái sòng in 682 and monument of zhi cheng city 智城碑 zhì chéng bēi in 697 15 although these are written in chinese the latter contains a number of non standard characters 16 17 one of these is the sawndip character consisting of 𥹫 rice over field for naz paddy field 18 song dynasty 10th 13th centuries edit several song dynasty han chinese authors give examples of vernacular characters 土俗字 tǔsúzì used in guangxi such as zhou qufei in lingwai daida and fan chengda in the guihai yuheng zhi 桂海虞衡志 saying that such characters were common in the area and used in legal documents such as indictments complaints receipts and contracts 9 17 table of characters noted in the song dynasty guihai yuheng zhi and also in 1986 sawndip dictionary sawndip 𨱥 䦟 𡘫 仦 𡚻 zhuang daemq 19 gaenq 20 onj 21 vaenj 22 onj 21 vaenj 22 neux 23 dah 24 english short steady steady weak used addressing a lady ming dynasty 14th 17th centuries edit whilst no manuscripts from the ming dynasty have been found dozens of classic sawndip works that survive to this day were first written during this dynasty or earlier some consider this to be the most abundant period of sawndip literature 25 exact dating is difficult in part because some songs were composed and transmitted orally before being written down such as fwen ciengzyeingz song to tell others which liang tingwang 梁庭望 has stated whilst containing some content comes from centuries before that was written down during the ming dynasty similarly songs of march songs of the daytime songs of the road and songs of house building where first created between the tang and song dynasties or earlier and certainly written down at latest during the ming dynasty 26 some songs were both created and written down during the ming dynasty fwen caeg songs of war 贼歌 zéi gē from pingguo which is considered to be such despite some lines which are later additions 27 28 fwen nganx 欢𭪤 the dragon eye fruit song a love story is also from the ming era 29 a number of songs written in sawndip are stories which are originally of han origin but for hundreds of years have been part of the zhuang tradition such as 𠯘唐皇 fwen dangzvuengz song about tang emperors about li dan and 𠯘英台 fwen yinghdaiz song about yingtai and 𠯘文隆 fwen vwnzlungz song about wenlong to name but a few are reckoned to have first been written down in sawndip during the ming dynasty or earlier in the case of fwen vwnzlungz the original han story itself has been lost 30 qing dynasty mid 17th 19th centuries edit thousands of sawndip manuscripts from the qing period survive to this day one well known old surviving text is the yuefeng 粵風 book of folksongs from guiping published in the 18th century 31 a book entitled taiping spring 太平春 that contains a number of songs and is kept in lingyun is dated as 1682 32 another source is the huayu yiyu 華夷譯語 barbarian vocabulary compiled by the bureau of translators in the mid 18th century on the order of the qianlong emperor and now held in the archives of the imperial palace museum the survey of western guangxi 太平府夷语通译 太平府夷語通譯 tàipíng fǔ yíyǔ tōngyì was less thorough than other parts of the empire consisting of just 71 to 170 items from three locations each entry consists of a zhuang word written in the zhuang script with its pronunciation and meaning given in chinese 33 it demonstrates both the wide use and lack of standardization of sawndip modern era 20th 21st centuries edit sawndip is not standardized here are the same four standard zhuang words bae 𭆛 贝去 悲 去比 go gvaq 卦 瓜 𮞖 pass ranz 𭓨 house mwngz 佲 名 门 孟 you as written in five modern pingguo sources these agree on the choice of character for only one of the four words ranz 𭓨 house while after the introduction of an official alphabet based script in 1957 sawndip have seldom been used in some formal domains such as newspapers laws and official documents they continue to be used in less formal domains such as writing songs and personal notes and messages after the chinese communist revolution in 1949 communist revolutionary propaganda was written using sawndip in 1957 an official romanized zhuang script was introduced however there are major phonetic and lexical differences between zhuang dialects and the latin based system is based on the wuming dialect because of this and other reasons there still are many zhuang speakers that prefer to write zhuang using sawndip 34 35 even though it is not the official script at grassroots level various departments have continued to use sawndip on occasions to get their message across coming into the 21st century sawndip understanding and usage of sawndip remains significant of those surveyed in two dialect areas just over one third said that they understood sawndip and about one in ten that they use sawndip in most domains 36 these rates are approximately twice those for the romanized script with only one sixth saying they understood it and only one in twenty saying they used it in most domains 37 after five years in preparation the sawndip sawdenj 古壮字字典 古壯字字典 gǔ zhuàngzì zìdiǎn dictionary of ancient zhuang characters was published in 1989 with 4 900 entries and over 10 000 characters and is the first and only dictionary of zhuang characters published to date 1 38 in 2008 it was announced that work was to begin on a new dictionary called the large chinese dictionary of ancient zhuang characters 中华古壮字大字典 中華古壯字大字典 39 in 2012 an enlarged facsimile of the 1989 dictionary was published with a different cover citation needed unicode edit unicode versions 1 to 8 included some sawndip characters that are frequently used in the chinese names for places in guangxi such as 岜 bya chinese bā meaning mountain or 崬 ndoeng chinese dōng meaning forest and are therefore included in chinese dictionaries and hence also in chinese character sets and also some that are from other non zhuang character sets over one thousand sawndip characters were included in the cjk unified ideographs extension f block that was added to unicode 10 0 in june 2017 another set of over one thousand in the cjk unified ideographs extension g block added to unicode 13 0 in 2020 over 400 in the cjk unified ideographs extension h block added to unicode 15 0 in 2022 more were added in cjk unified ideographs extension j in 2025 literature edit main article sawndip literature for over one thousand years the zhuang have used sawndip to write a wide variety of literature including folk songs operas poems scriptures letters contract and court documents 40 sawndip literature is often though not always in verse only a small percentage of sawndip literature has been published traditional songs or stories are often adapted over time and new works continue to be written to this day regional differences edit with regional differences as with other aspects of sawndip scholars express a number of differing ideas one of the first systematic studies of sawndip that covered more than one location was zhang yuansheng s 1984 examination of 1114 sawndip mainly from wuming but also including some characters from 37 other locations zhang found substantial variation between dialect areas and even within locales 41 in 2013 david holm reported a geographical survey of the script comparing characters used for 60 words in texts from 45 locations in guangxi and neighbouring areas he found that regional variations in the script often did not correlate with dialect groups which he attributes to importation of characters from other regions as well as subsequent sound change 42 however he claims to have found a clear geographical division in terms of the branch of chinese that provided the pronunciation of borrowed characters in guizhou and northern guangxi character readings correspond to southwest mandarin which was brought to the area by the armies of the ming dynasty in central and southwest guangxi they closely match pinghua which is derived from the speech of han dynasty immigrants holm states that while both pinghua and zhuang have changed over this period this has generally been in parallel making it difficult to date the readings 43 scholars studying the script used in guizhou associate its origins with the introduction of chinese officials in the early qing dynasty 44 example text edit from article 1 of the universal declaration of human rights in northern zhuang traditional form simplified form latin transcription 1957 orthography bouч bouч ma dəŋƨ laзƃɯn couƅ miƨ cɯyouƨ cinƅyenƨ cəuƽ genƨli bouчbouч biŋƨdəŋз gyɵŋƽ vunƨ miƨ liзsiŋ cəuƽ lieŋƨsim ɯŋdaŋ daiƅ gyɵngƽ de lumз beiчnueŋч ityieŋƅ latin transcription 1982 orthography boux boux ma daengz lajmbwn couh miz cwyouz cunhyenz caeuq genzli bouxboux bingzdaengj gyoengq vunz miz lijsing caeuq liengzsim wngdang daih gyoengq de lumj beixnuengx ityiengh traditional unicode characters 俌俌𮜃𦘭忑𭑆就𬚳自由 尊嚴凑權利俌俌平等 衆伝𬚳理性凑良心 應當待衆𬿇㑣彼侬一樣 simplified unicode characters with currently unencoded characters represented as ideographic description sequences in brackets 佈佈 丁刂 𨑜 云天 就𠷯自由 尊严𪝈权利佈佈平等 𬾀伝𠷯理性𪝈良心 应当待𬾀𬿇㑣 彳比 彳农 一样 see also edit chinese characters chinese family of scripts chữ nôm sawgoek standard zhuang notes edit the character for saw meaning either book or written character 𭨡 has a 書 book radical on the left and a 史 scholar radical on the right similarly ndip raw uncooked unripe 𮄫 is composed of the stand and life radicals at present there are limitations in displaying zhuang logograms as many have only recently been encoded in unicode and are only supported by a few fonts sawndip characters have not been standardised and different writers use different characters for the same word the examples here are from sawndip sawdenj 1 references edit 1 2 su 1989 bauer robert s 2005 written representation of zhuang and cantonese archived 2011 09 27 at the wayback machine workshop on zhuang language department of linguistics university of hong kong zhang 1984 p 456 holm david 2009 a typology of readings of chinese characters in traditional zhuang manuscripts les lectures des caractères chinois dans les manuscripts zhuang traditionnels et leur classification cahiers de linguistique asie orientale 38 2 245 292 bauer 2000 pp 229 240 noted in page 43 of 右江流域方块壮字文献的用字研究 2010 a thesis by wei yufang 韦玉防 豆丁网系统升级中 archived from the original on 2013 05 28 retrieved 2012 04 17 example k is used on page 1031 of 平果嘹歌 长歌集 published by 广西民族出版社 in 2004 isbn 7 5363 4820 7 zhang 1984 p 455 1 2 qin 2010 p 33 1 2 su 1989 pp 5 6 方块壮字与喃字比较研究 comparative research into sawndip and chu nom by 李乐毅 in 民族语文 1987年第4期 su 1989 p 482 qin 2010 pp 6 8 holm 2003 p 46 holm 2004 p 424 tai 2005 p 80 su 1989 p 5 1 2 holm 2003 p 45 su 1989 p 348 su 1989 pp 97 su 1989 pp 169 1 2 su 1989 pp 402 1 2 su 1989 pp 480 su 1989 pp 368 su 1989 pp 105 qin 2010 p 39 liao songs of pingguo zhuang songs of march pages 60ff isbn 978 7 549 51097 9 liao songs of pingguo zhuang songs of march page 60 isbn 978 7 549 51097 9 壮族嘹歌研究 editor 覃乃昌 广西民族出版社 2008 isbn 978 7 5363 5069 4 page 48 52 壮族民歌古籍集成 情歌 二 欢𭪤 田阳情歌 广西民族出版社 1997 chief editor 张声震 page 2 of introduction 壮族长诗 唱文龙 源流及其变异 the origin and variations of the zhuang long poem song of wenlong by luo hantian 罗汉田 published in 民族文学研究 ethnic literature research 1984 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