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uin books isbn 978 0 14 341421 6 mircea eliade 1987 the encyclopedia of religion macmillan isbn 978 0 02 909480 8 jeaneane d fowler 1997 hinduism beliefs and practices sussex academic press isbn 978 1 898723 60 8 jeaneane d fowler 2002 perspectives of reality an introduction to the philosophy of hinduism sussex academic press isbn 978 1 898723 93 6 jessica frazier gavin flood 2011 the continuum companion to hindu studies bloomsbury academic isbn 978 0 8264 9966 0 gethin rupert 1998 foundations of buddhism oxford university press isbn 978 0192892232 jaini padmanabh 1980 doniger wendy ed karma and rebirth in classical indian traditions university of california press isbn 978 0 520 03923 0 mark juergensmeyer wade clark roof 2011 encyclopedia of global religion sage publications isbn 978 1 4522 6656 5 damien keown 2004 a dictionary of buddhism oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 157917 2 klaus klostermaier 2010 a survey of hinduism third edition state university of new york press isbn 978 0 7914 8011 3 dalai lama 1992 the meaning of life translated and edited by jeffrey hopkins wisdom isbn 978 1459614505 stephen j laumakis 2008 an introduction to buddhist philosophy cambridge university press isbn 978 1 139 46966 1 lochtefeld james 2002 the illustrated encyclopedia of hinduism vol 2 n z rosen publishing isbn 978 0 8239 2287 1 michael myers 2013 brahman a comparative theology routledge isbn 978 1 136 83565 0 obeyesekere gananath 1980 wendy doniger ed karma and rebirth in classical indian traditions university of california press isbn 978 0 520 03923 0 obeyesekere gananath 2005 wendy doniger ed karma and rebirth a cross cultural study motilal banarsidass isbn 978 8120826090 sangave vilas adinath 1980 jain community a social survey 2nd ed bombay popular prakashan isbn 978 0 317 12346 3 williams paul 2002 buddhist thought routledge isbn 0 415207010 paul williams anthony tribe alexander wynne 2012 buddhist thought routledge isbn 978 1 136 52088 4 further reading edit dundas paul 2002 1992 the jains second ed london and new york routledge isbn 978 0 415 26605 5 jaini padmanabh s ed 2000 collected papers on jaina studies first ed delhi motilal banarsidass isbn 978 81 208 1691 6 sethia tara 2004 ahiṃsā anekānta and jainism motilal banarsidass isbn 978 81 208 2036 4 external links edit reincarnation a simple explanation the wheel of life c george boeree shippensburg university saṃsāra and rebirth buddhism oxford bibliographies v t e indian philosophy topics atheism atomism idealism logic monotheism vedic philosophy kama artha moksha ancient āstika hindu samkhya nyaya vaisheshika yoga mīmāṃsā vedanta shaiva raseśvara pashupata shaivism pāṇiniya nāstika ājīvika ajñana charvaka jain anekantavada syādvāda buddhist philosophy and early buddhist schools śūnyatā madhyamaka yogachara sautrāntika svatantrika medieval vedanta acintya bheda abheda advaita bhedabheda dvaita svabhavika bhedabheda shuddhadvaita vishishtadvaita navya nyāya sikh philosophy shaiva pratyabhijna pashupata shaivism shaiva siddhanta modern integral yoga gandhism radical humanism progressive utilization theory texts abhinavabharati arthashastra bhagavad gita bhagavata purana brahma sutra buddhist texts dharmashastra hindu texts jain agamas kamasutra mimamsa sutras all 108 texts principal nyāya sūtras nyayakusumanjali panchadasi samkhyapravachana sutra sangam texts sarvadarsanasangraha shiva sutras tarka sangraha tattvacintāmaṇi tirukkuṟaḷ upanishads minor vaiśeṣika sūtra vedangas vedas yoga sutras of patanjali yoga vasistha more philosophers adi shankara abhinavagupta kumārila bhaṭṭa maṇḍana miśra valluvar avatsara vāchaspati misra uddalaka aruni gautama buddha yājñavalkya gārgī vāchaknavī buddhaghosa patañjali kanada kapila brihadratha ikshvaku jaimini vyasa chanakya dharmakirti akshapada gotama nagarjuna padmasambhāva vasubandhu gaudapada ramana maharshi vivekananda dayananda saraswati ramanuja vedanta desika raikva sadananda sakayanya satyakama jabala madhvacharya mahavira guru nanak more concepts abhava abhasavada abheda adarsana adrishta advaita aham ahimsa aishvarya akrodha aksara anatta ananta anavastha anupalabdhi apauruṣheyā artha asiddhatva asatkalpa ātman avyakta bhrama brahman bhuman bhumika catuṣkoṭi chaitanya chidabhasa cittabhumi dāna devatas dharma dhi dravya dhrti ekagrata guṇa hitā idam ikshana ishvaratva jivatva kama karma kasaya kshetrajna lakshana mahapataka matsya nyaya maya mithyatva mokṣa nididhyasana nirvāṇa nishkama karma niyama padārtha pāpa paramatman paramananda parameshashakti parinama vada pradhana prajna prakṛti pratibimbavada pratītyasamutpāda prāyaścitta punya puruṣa rājamaṇḍala rajas ṛta sakshi samadhi saṃsāra satya satkaryavada sattva shabda brahman sphoṭa sthiti śūnyatā sutram svātantrya iccha mrityu syādvāda taijasa tajjalan tamas tanmatra tyāga uparati upekkhā utsaha vivartavada viraj yamas yoga more v t e buddhism outline glossary index people beliefs foundations four noble truths three jewels buddha dharma sangha noble eightfold path nirvana middle way key concepts avidyā ignorance bardo bodhicitta buddha nature dhamma theory dharma enlightenment bodhisattva buddhahood pratyekabuddhayāna four stages of awakening sotāpanna sakadagami anāgāmi arhat five hindrances indriya karma kleshas mental factors mindstream parinirvana pratītyasamutpāda rebirth saṃsāra saṅkhāra skandha śūnyatā taṇhā craving tathātā ten fetters three marks of existence anicca dukkha anattā two truths doctrine philosophy abhidharma atomism buddhology buddhism and democracy economics eight consciousnesses engaged buddhism eschatology ethics humanism logic reality secular buddhism socialism the unanswerable questions views on creator evolution sexuality cosmology ten spiritual realms six paths deva realm human realm asura realm hungry ghost realm animal realm naraka nirvana three planes of existence other abhijñā amitābha brahmā dharma talk hinayana iddhi kalpa koliya lineage māra siddhi sacred languages pāḷi sanskrit practices bhavana bodhipakkhiyādhammā brahmavihara mettā karuṇā mudita upekkha buddhābhiṣeka dāna devotion deity yoga dhyāna faith five strengths iddhipada meditation mantras kammaṭṭhāna recollection smarana anapanasati samatha vipassanā vipassana movement shikantaza zazen tukdam koan ganana mandala tonglen tantra tertön terma merit mindfulness mindful yoga satipatthana nekkhamma nianfo pāramitā paritta puja offerings prostration music refuge sādhu satya sacca seven factors of enlightenment sati dhamma vicaya pīti passaddhi śīla five precepts eight precepts bodhisattva vow pratimokṣa threefold training śīla samadhi prajñā vīrya four right exertions twenty two vows of ambedkar yujia yankou shuilu fahui dabei chan yaoshi bao chan monasticism bhikkhu bhikkhunī śrāmaṇera śrāmaṇerī anagārika ajahn sayadaw zen master rōshi lama rinpoche geshe tulku western tulku kappiya donchee householder upāsaka and upāsikā achar śrāvaka ten principal disciples shaolin monastery texts early buddhist texts tripiṭaka mahayana sutras pali canon chinese buddhist canon tibetan buddhist canon dhammapada sutra vinaya madhyamakālaṃkāra abhidharmadīpa branches mahayana zen chinese chan japanese zen korean seon vietnamese thiền pure land tiantai huayan risshū nichiren madhyamaka yogachara vajrayana tibetan buddhism chinese esoteric buddhism shingon dzogchen theravada southern esoteric buddhism navayana early buddhist schools pre sectarian buddhism basic points unifying theravāda and mahāyāna southern eastern and northern buddhism major figures the buddha tathāgata birthday four sights eight great events great renunciation physical characteristics life of buddha in art footprint relics iconography in laos and thailand films miracles family suddhodāna father māyā mother mahapajapati gotamī aunt adoptive mother yaśodharā wife rāhula son ānanda cousin devadatta cousin bodhi tree places where the buddha stayed buddha in world religions disciples kaundinya assaji sāriputta mahamoggallāna ānanda mahākassapa aṅgulimāla anuruddha mahākaccana nanda subhūti puṇṇa mantānīputta upāli mahapajapati gotamī khema uppalavanna asita channa yasa bodhisattvas avalokiteśvara guanyin mañjuśrī mahāsthāmaprāpta ākāśagarbha kṣitigarbha samantabhadra vajrapāṇi skanda tārā metteyya maitreya other kātyāyana anuruddha upāli rāhula ānanda nagasena aśvaghoṣa nagarjuna asanga vasubandhu kumārajīva buddhaghosa buddhapālita dignāga bodhidharma faxian lushan huiyuan sengyou emperor wu of liang tanluan dazu huike sengcan zhiyi daochuo guanding emperor wen of sui songtsen gampo xuanzang shandao huineng fazang śubhakarasiṃha vajrabodhi yi xing shenhui jianzhen amoghavajra mazu daoyi zhanran guifeng zongmi linji yixuan yongming yanshou siming zhili yunqi zhuhong zibo zhenke hanshan deqing youxi chuandeng miyun yuanwu ouyi zhixu yinyuan longqi poshan haiming jixing chewu xuyun yinguang taixu hsuan hua chin kung hsing yun wei chueh sheng yen cheng yen padmasambhava yeshe tsogyal machig labdrön chökyi drönma milarepa marpa lotsawa thang tong gyalpo dolpopa sherab gyaltsen 3rd karmapa rangjung dorje saraha atiśa naropa karmapa jamgon kongtrul kōbō daishi dōhan kakuban dengyō daishi ennin kūya hōnen ippen shōkū shinran dōgen hakuin ekaku bankei yōtaku ikkyū eisai d t suzuki shunryū suzuki nichiren trần nhân tông shamarpa khenchen palden sherab rinpoche penor rinpoche namchö mingyur dorje dalai lama panchen lama samding dorje phagmo ajahn mun b r ambedkar ajahn chah thích nhất hạnh history timeline ashoka kanishka buddhist councils history of buddhism in india decline of buddhism in india huichang persecution of buddhism greco buddhism gandharan buddhism texts menander i buddhism and the roman world buddhism in the west silk road transmission of buddhism persecution of buddhists in afghanistan in vietnam rimé movement banishment of buddhist monks from nepal dalit buddhist movement chinese invasion of tibet 1959 tibetan uprising sinhalese buddhist nationalism buddhist modernism vipassana movement 969 movement engaged buddhism women in buddhism culture architecture temple vihāra kyaung wat ordination hall stupa pagoda burmese pagoda candi dzong architecture list of buddhist architecture in china japanese buddhist architecture buddhist temples in korea thai temple art and architecture tibetan buddhist architecture art greco buddhist budai buddha in art calendar cuisine funeral holidays vesak uposatha māgha pūjā asalha puja vassa jaya sri maha bodhi kasaya mahabodhi temple mantra om mani padme hum mudra music pilgrimage lumbini maya devi temple bodh gaya sarnath kushinagar literature poetry prayer beads hama yumi prayer wheel symbolism dharmachakra flag bhavacakra swastika thangka temple of the tooth vegetarianism world by country or region afghanistan argentina armenia australia austria bangladesh belgium belarus bhutan brazil brunei bulgaria cambodia canada china costa rica croatia czech republic denmark england estonia finland france germany greece hong kong hungary iceland india indonesia iran israel italy japan kazakhstan korea kyrgyzstan laos libya liechtenstein lithuania maldives malaysia mexico middle east mongolia morocco myanmar nepal new zealand north korea norway pakistan philippines poland portugal russia buryatia kalmykia tuva scotland senegal singapore slovenia south africa south korea spain sri lanka sweden switzerland taiwan tajikistan thailand tibet turkey ukraine united kingdom united states uruguay uzbekistan venezuela vietnam wales zimbabwe comparison baháʼí faith christianity influences comparison east asian religions gnosticism heresy hinduism islam jainism judaism psychology science theosophy violence western philosophy lists bodhisattvas buddhas buddhists american british korean indian suttas temples festivals category buddhism portal v t e hinduism topics glossary index timeline philosophy concepts brahman om ishvara atman maya karma saṃsāra puruṣārthas dharma artha kama moksha niti ahimsa asteya aparigraha brahmacharya satya dāna damah dayā akrodha schools āstika samkhya yoga nyaya vaisheshika mīmāṃsā vedanta svābhāvika bhedābheda dvaita advaita vishishtadvaita nāstika charvaka texts classification śruti smṛti vedas rigveda yajurveda samaveda atharvaveda divisions samhita brahmana aranyaka upanishads aitareya kaushitaki brihadaranyaka isha taittiriya katha maitrayaniya shvetashvatara chandogya kena mundaka mandukya prashna upavedas ayurveda dhanurveda natyaveda sthapatyaveda vedanga shiksha chandas vyākaraṇa nirukta kalpa jyotisha other bhagavad gita agamas itihasas ramayana mahabharata puranas minor upanishads arthashastra nitisara dharmaśāstra manusmriti nāradasmṛti yājñavalkya smṛti sutras stotras subhashita tantras yoga vasistha yoga sutras of patanjali sangam literature tirumurai divya prabandham tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai thiruppugal thirukkural kamba ramayanam five great epics eighteen greater texts eighteen lesser texts athichudi iraiyanar akapporul abhirami antati thiruvilaiyadal puranam vinayagar agaval vedarthasamgraha deities gods trimurti brahma vishnu shiva agni dattatreya ganesha hanuman indra kartikeya krishna rama surya varuna vayu more goddesses tridevi saraswati lakshmi parvati bhumi durga kali mahavidya matrika radha rukmini sati shakti shashthi sita more practices worship temple murti puja bhakti japa bhajan naivedhya yajna homa tapas dhyāna tirthatana sanskaras garbhadhana pumsavana simantonayana jatakarma namakarana nishkramana annaprashana chudakarana karnavedha vidyarambha upanayana keshanta ritushuddhi samavartanam vivaha antyeshti varnashrama varna brahmin kshatriya vaishya shudra ashrama brahmacharya grihastha vanaprastha sannyasa festivals diwali holi shivaratri raksha bandhan navaratri durga puja ramlila vijayadashami ganesh chaturthi rama navami janmashtami onam pongal makar sankranti new year bihu gudi padwa pahela baishakh puthandu vaisakhi vishu ugadi kumbh mela haridwar nashik prayag ujjain ratha yatra teej vasant panchami others other svādhyāya namaste bindi tilaka related hindus etymology list denominations law calendar anti hindu sentiment criticism hindu gurus and sants hindu studies iconography mythology nationalism hindutva persecution pilgrimage sites bahi registers india relations with other religions baháʼí buddhism islam jainism judaism sikhism theosophy glossary hinduism by country hindu temples lists architecture outline category portal wikiproject v t e jainism topics gods arihant ganadhara tirthankara mahavira rishabhanatha philosophy five vows ahimsa anekantavada cosmology deva naraka siddhashila death dravya jīva ajiva pudgala dharma epistemology kevala jnana gunasthana karma causes types kashaya ratnatraya samsara tattva asrava bandha moksha nirjara samvara branches digambara bispanthi kanji panth mula sangha balatkara gana kashtha sangha taran panth terapanth svetambara murtipujaka gaccha kharatara tapa tristutik sthanakavasi śvetāmbara terapanth practices fasting festivals paryushana kshamavani mahamastakabhisheka meditation monasticism pratikraman...