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ishops synod of bishops particular churches churches sui juris latin church eastern catholic churches local particular churches appointment of bishops abbacy nullius apostolic vicariate apostolic vicar apostolic administration apostolic administrator diocese archdiocese aeque principaliter cathedraticum in persona episcopi diocesan curia moderator of the curia chancery deanery vicar forane eparchy eparchal curia military ordinariate mission sui juris personal ordinariate anglicanorum coetibus juridic persons parish team of priests in solidum collegiate church parish register lay trusteeism roman curia dicastery congregation pontifical council personal prelature types of membership of opus dei association of the christian faithful vicar general quinquennial visit ad limina jurisprudence canonical coronation canonically crowned images computation of time custom delegata potestas non potest delegari derogation dispensation taxa innocentiana faculty indult impediment donation interpretation pontifical council for legislative texts jurisdiction peritus obreption subreption obrogation promulgation resignation of the roman pontiff sede vacante simony vacatio legis validity and liceity visitation apostolic visitor philosophy theology and fundamental theory of catholic canon law theology ecclesiology treatise on law determinatio temporal goods property benefice cathedraticum contract law mass stipend stole fee temporalities law of persons person catholic canon law formal act of defection from the catholic church canonical age emancipation exemption heresy clerics secular clergy regular clergy obligation of celibacy clerics and public office incardination and excardination laicization dispensation canonical faculties office canonical provision canonical election juridic and physical persons jus patronatus associations of the faithful consecrated life canonical documents acta apostolicae sedis acta sanctae sedis censor librorum imprimatur imprimi potest notary protonotary apostolic apostolic constitution canon concordat decree decretal encyclical motu proprio ordinance papal brief papal bull penitential positive law rescript parish register ecclesiastical latin penal law canon 1324 canon 1397 2 censure de delictis gravioribus complicit absolution crimen sollicitationis excommunication list of excommunicable offences in the catholic church list of people excommunicated by the catholic church list of cardinals excommunicated by the catholic church interdict laicization penal latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae lifetime of prayer and penance canonical admonitions ecclesiastical prison procedural law pars statica tribunals ministers parties tribunals supreme tribunal of the apostolic signatura tribunal of the roman rota apostolic penitentiary congregation for the doctrine of the faith ministers of justice judicial vicar officialis auditor parties defender of the bond procurator pars dynamica trial procedure dignitas connubii matrimonial causes appeal as from an abuse presumption penal procedure vos estis lux mundi canonization congregation for the causes of saints maiorem hac dilectionem advocatus diaboli oblatio vitae positio beatification and canonization process in 1914 election of the roman pontiff current law universi dominici gregis papal renunciation reforms of pope benedict xvi historical cum proxime jus exclusivae papal appointment aeterni patris filius romano pontifici eligendo ingravescentem aetatem ubi periculum quia propter legal practice and scholarship list of legal abbreviations academic degrees licentiate of canon law doctor of canon law doctor of both laws journals and professional societies canon law society of america the jurist faculties of canon law catholic university of america school of canon law canonists medieval gratian hostiensis jean lemoine raymond of peñafort rufinus johannes teutonicus geoffrey of trani burchard of worms brocard modern contemporary eugenio corecco john d faris pietro gasparri ladislas orsy edward n peters law of consecrated life solemn vow exclaustration manifestation of conscience canonical erection of a house of religious pontifical right diocesan right congregation for institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life institute of consecrated life religious institute congregation order monasticism canons regular mendicant orders clerics regular secular institute cum sanctissimus primo feliciter provida mater ecclesia society of apostolic life decretum laudis catholic church portal law portal v t e in the catholic church the seal of confession also known as the seal of the confessional or the sacramental seal is the absolute duty of priests or anyone who overhears a confession not to reveal anything that they learn from penitents during the course of the sacrament of penance confession 1 even where the seal of confession does not strictly apply where there is no specific serious sin confessed for the purpose of receiving absolution priests have a serious obligation not to cause scandal by the way they speak 2 history edit ecumenical councils edit canon 21 of the fourth council of the lateran 1215 binding on the whole church laid down the obligation of secrecy in the following words let the priest absolutely beware that he does not by word or sign or by any manner whatever in any way betray the sinner but if he should happen to need wiser counsel let him cautiously seek the same without any mention of person for whoever shall dare to reveal a sin disclosed to him in the tribunal of penance we decree that he shall be not only deposed from the priestly office but that he shall also be sent into the confinement of a monastery to do perpetual penance hefele leclercq histoire des conciles at the year 1215 mansi or harduin coll conciliorum gratian who compiled the edicts of previous catholic ecumenical councils and the principles of church law published the decretum about 1151 it includes the following declaration of the law as to the seal of confession let the priest who dares to make known the sins of his penitent be deposed gratian goes on to say that the violator of this law should be made a lifelong ignominious wanderer 3 notably neither the lateran canon nor the law of the decretum purports to enact for the first time the secrecy of confession 2 the 15th century english canonist william lyndwood speaks of two reasons why a priest is bound to keep secret a confession the first being on account of the sacrament because it is almost quasi of the essence of the sacrament to keep secret the confession 4 clarification needed thomist theology edit see also thomistic sacramental theology the summa theologiae devotes one article to the seal of confession explaining that the seal may not be violated including regarding matters that might indirectly lead to the seal s violation not even violated by those who overhear the confession 5 thomas gives two reasons for the seal s inviolability the seal is divinely instituted and the seal prevents scandal 5 further explanation needed catechisms edit according to the roman catechism the faithful are to be admonished that there is no reason whatever to apprehend that what is made known in confession will ever be revealed by the priest to anyone or that by it the penitent can at any time be brought into danger of any sort let the priest says the great council of lateran take special care neither by word or sign nor by any other means whatever to betray in the least degree the sinner 6 pope pius x in his catechism taught that the confessor is bound by the seal of confession under the gravest sin and under threat of the severest punishments both temporal and eternal 7 the catechism of the catholic church teaches in paragraph 1467 given the delicacy and greatness of this ministry and the respect due to persons the church declares that every priest who hears confessions is bound under very severe penalties to keep absolute secrecy regarding the sins that his penitents have confessed to him he can make no use of knowledge that confession gives him about penitents lives this secret which admits of no exceptions is called the sacramental seal because what the penitent has made known to the priest remains sealed by the sacrament 8 the compendium of the catechism of the catholic church elaborates that a confessor is bound to secrecy 9 apostolic penitentiary edit in note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the sacramental seal the apostolic penitentiary explained that the sacramental seal is universally and permanently inviolable as a matter of de fide dogma and as part of freedom of religion and freedom of conscience despite civil law 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 excessive citations in practice edit according to roman catholic canon law the sacramental seal is inviolable therefore it is absolutely forbidden for a confessor to betray in any way a penitent in words or in any manner and for any reason the confessor is always an ordained priest because in the catholic church only ordained priests can absolve sins lay confession is not recognized any person who overhears a confession is likewise bound by the seal 17 18 priests may not reveal what they have learned during confession to anyone under any circumstances even under the threat of their own death or that of others punishment for breaking the seal of the confessional is conferred by the severity of the violation a confessor who directly violates the seal of the confessional that is explicitly connects a sin to a penitent incurs a latae sententiae excommunication 18 one who breaks the seal indirectly that is through their words and actions make known a particular penitent s sins and somehow connects those sins to the penitent would be punished according to the gravity of the offence 18 both pope john paul ii and pope benedict xvi made it a practice to attach an excommunication to indirect violations of the seal citation needed those who are privy to another person s confession either as an interpreter or by accidental circumstance are likewise punished according to the gravity of their delict not excluding excommunication 18 in the early modern period some casuists inter alia thomas sanchez justified mental reservation a form of deception which does not involve outright lying in specific circumstances including when such an action is necessary to protect secrecy under the seal of the confessional other casuists considered grey areas in which it was unclear whether or not the seal was being violated citation needed a priest who says i do not know is thus to be understood as saying i do not know with knowledge outside the seal of the confessional thomas aquinas goes even further and says that the priest knows the confession not as man but as god knows it 19 it is permissible though by no means necessary for a priest to talk indirectly about some information he has or has not heard in confessions over the years as part of a homily or teaching lecture as long as he says or does nothing that would connect this information to any specific person for example he could choose to mention i ve heard the confession of a sex offender or i ve almost never heard anyone explicitly confess a failure to help the poor however the catholic church punishes with excommunication latae sententiae anyone who records by any technical means or divulges what is said by the confessor or penitent 18 20 recognition by civil authorities edit main article priest penitent privilege this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2016 learn how and when to remove this message the law of different jurisdictions in general requires people under certain circumstances to testify about facts known to them in many cases the rule of evidence of confessional privilege forbids judicial inquiry into communications made under the seal of confession there may be conflict between the obligation of confidentiality of confession and civil law the louisiana supreme court ruled in 2014 that a priest may be compelled to testify about what he was told in the confessional regarding a particular sexual abuse case leaving the priest at risk of excommunication if he even confirms that a confession took place or jail for contempt of court should he refuse to testify 21 however the court later ruled that a priest has no duty to report confidential information heard during a sacramental confession 22 23 24 martyrs edit john of nepomuk mateo correa magallanes fernando olmedo reguera 25 and pedro marieluz garces are martyrs of the seal of the confessional in the catholic church having chosen to die rather than violate the seal see also edit attorney client privilege confessional privilege in the united states i confess a 1953 alfred hitchcock film in which priest penitent privilege is prominently featured physician patient privilege priest penitent privilege priest penitent privilege in england priest penitent privilege in france seal of the confessional and the anglican church seal of the confessional and the lutheran church citations edit caridi cathy 2016 02 04 besides the priest who else is bound by the seal of confession canon law made easy retrieved 2021 03 29 1 2 nolan r s 1912 law of the seal of confession catholic encyclopedia vol 13 secunda pars dist vi c ii cf also jos mascardus de probationibus frankfort 1703 arg 378 1 2 summa theologiae the seal of confession supplementum q 11 www newadvent org retrieved 27 june 2019 the roman catechism the sacraments penance catholic information network retrieved 27 june 2019 catechism of st pius x the sacraments the sacrament of penance catholic information network retrieved 27 june 2019 catechism of the catholic church the sacrament of penance and reconciliation holy see retrieved 27 june 2019 compendium of the catechism of the catholic church holy see retrieved 27 june 2019 vatican presentation of the note of the apostolic penitentiary on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the sacramental seal catholic news agency seal of confession is an intrinsic requirement vatican says reuters vatican defends confessional secret as sexual abuse crisis stings katv amid sex abuse scandals vatican upholds confession secrecy wsj vatican hits back at attempts to break confession secrecy irish times efforts to force priests to divulge confession secrets unacceptable cbs vatican court rejects laws obligating priests to report sexual abuse revealed in confessions code of canon law c 983 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 code of canon law c 1386 1 3 supp 11 i ad 2 ratzinger joseph bovone alberto 23 september 1988 decreto riguardante la scomunica a colui che divulga le confessioni decree concerning the excommunication of the person who discloses confessions holy see in italian congregation for the doctrine of the faith priest could be jailed for refusing to break seal of confession...