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dge needed within these areas is dependent upon the nature of the work and the type of vessel employed by a seafarer 3 history edit main article maritime history before the 1600s seamanship skills were taught by hands on instruction after the 1600s and 1700s seamanship started being taught by literature 4 this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information february 2022 ship knowledge ship stability and cargo operations edit seamanship involves loading cargo calculating its effect on ship stability and ensuring it is correctly stowed and secured such as on this car carrier seamanship on a commercial level involves a knowledge of all the different ship types such as bulk carriers container ships oil tankers cruise ships platform supply vessels and others including a basic knowledge of ship recognition a basic understanding of nautical terms ship structure and naval architecture and cargo operations specific to the vessel the seafarer is working on 3 5 some ship types will have specialist cargo equipment and tools for example a bulk carrier may have gantry cranes or grabs for cargo or a container ship may have container lashings 3 cargoes should be properly stowed and secured to prevent shifting while at sea 3 oil tankers and gas carriers can be somewhat complex due to the hazardous nature of their cargoes and therefore a greater degree of seamanship may be necessary for some vessel types compared to others 3 seamanship involves paying close attention to the stability of the vessel at all times 6 this involves calculation of the vessel and the effects of its cargo at various stages of the voyage on departure at sea and on arrival in port to allow for safe passage and prevent capsizing where a vessel turns on to its side or is upside down 6 this includes familiarity and application of the load line convention where a vessel can only be safely loaded to its markings to ensure residual stability for the likely weather conditions 6 seafarers should regularly inspect their vessel and ensure the hull is in good condition for navigation 6 seamanship skills apply to the safe use of various types of lifting gear whether for cargo operations or for bringing on board stores supplies and provisions 7 these example derricks union purchase arrangements midship or aft cranes heavy lifting gear rigging other sheer legs etc 7 this should include knowledge of calculations of stresses and effects on stability 7 navigation edit main article navigation navigation is the art and science of safely and efficiently directing the movements of a vessel from one point to another piloting uses water depth and visible references while dead reckoning uses courses and distances from the last known position 8 more than just finding a vessel s present location safe navigation includes predicting future location route planning and collision avoidance nautical navigation in western nations like air navigation is based on the nautical mile navigation also includes electronics such as gps and loran long range navigation celestial navigation involves taking sights with a sextant on the planets moon stars and sun and using the data along with a nautical almanac and sight reduction tables to determine position accurate time information is also needed after nautical dusk navigation at sea referencing the horizon is no longer possible and after nautical dawn such navigation again becomes possible 9 ice navigation involves navigating and operating a ship within sea ice conditions 10 along with general navigation seamanship involves being able to respond to weather at sea 11 for example the onset of heavy or rough weather may require an alternative passage plan or weather routeing for the ship as well as the use of an alternative heading to keep the vessel from rolling heaving to 11 additionally heavy weather precautions onboard such as lashing furniture in the accommodation or keeping crew off the deck are considered good seamanship when navigating in heavy weather 11 navigation and seamanship also involve a working knowledge of correct marine communications and the global maritime distress and safety system 12 seamanship also involves recognition of and navigation with buoys including iala maritime buoyage such as lateral marks cardinal marks safe water marks special marks and isolated danger marks 13 ship handling and pilotage edit sailors aboard uss san antonio handle mooring lines a fundamental skill of professional seamanship is being able to manoeuvre a vessel safely with accuracy and precision both at sea and also in port and during pilotage 14 unlike land based vehicles a ship afloat is subject to the forces of the water in which it floats as well as the resistance and effects of marine weather 14 a complicating factor is that the mass of a ship that has to be accounted for when stopping and starting as the inertia of large vessels may take large distances to stop and therefore ship handlers must be aware of basic hydrodynamics and the charted area including the depth of water in which their ship is navigating 14 ship handling in coastal areas may involve arriving and departing a berth anchorage or buoy maneuvering in confined channels and harbours and in proximity to other ships whilst at all times navigating safely 14 seamanship also involves safe navigation in restricted waterways for example in river and canal transits e g along the suez canal 15 crew should be able to keep the vessel from collisions moor the vessel during canal lockgate operations and also respond to local currents and river conditions while on passage 15 two other types of operations berthing alongside another ship usually for ship to ship cargo transfer and replenishment at sea are occasionally included in ship handling seamanship for some vessel types in addition to being fully conversant with the principles of ship handling a good shiphandler or pilot will have developed their sense of situational awareness to a point well beyond that of an ordinary member of a ship s crew their reactions will appear instinctive positive and always safe 14 a key ability for a ship handler with good seamanship is to possess an understanding of how wind tide and swell influence vessel movement along with passing vessels and the shape of the nearby seabed the interaction effect 14 these must also be combined with an understanding of a specific vessel s performance including its propulsion and stopping distance to allow safe handling 14 fundamental to low speed maneuvering of most vessel types is an understanding of the configuration and handedness of the propeller s an effect known as propeller walk will kick the stern of the vessel to port or starboard depending on the configuration and the type of propeller when large variations in propeller rotation speed or changes in propeller rotation direction take place in single screw vessels where the rotation of the propeller is reversed on an astern bell a standard was established that the propeller would turn clockwise when viewed from astern this would mean that the propeller would turn counterclockwise when going astern and the stern would walk to port this aided docking operations where port side to was preferred the vessel would be brought to the dock with a small bow in angle and backing would flatten the angle slow or stop the vessel and walk it alongside an exception to this is vessels that use a controllable pitch propeller where the pitch not the direction of rotation is reversed to go astern these propellers rotate counterclockwise at all times and so the walk is normal other variations on propulsion include what are known as bucket rudders and kort nozzles where instead of a conventional rudder a pair of dish shaped rudders one on either side of the propeller can be swivelled vertically to direct the propeller thrust through 360 degrees thus to put the vessel into astern mode the rudder can be rotated through 180 degrees without altering the speed and direction of the engine since with the conventional propeller or rudder configuration the propeller is designed to operate at maximum efficiency when going ahead it produces far less thrust when going astern but with the kort nozzle the ahead and astern thrust is the same other advantages of the nozzle are that the ship can be steered astern which a conventional rudder cannot and that it can be brought to a standstill under full control by switching between ahead and astern modes giving complete control over speed mooring and anchoring edit seamanship applies to general mooring practices and anchoring anchors are a device used to secure a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting and established marine procedures for anchoring anchorwork 16 this also includes the use of drogues as applicable anchor work includes understanding and awareness of anchor types anchor marks cable and shackles 17 it includes learning established procedures for securing anchors and cable use of windlasses how to prepare the anchors clearing away anchors for letting go letting go dropping the anchor keeping an anchor watch clearing a foul hawse weighing anchor and securing anchors for sea 17 pilotage edit navigation on a us naval vessel in nigerian waters with a local pilot most commercial vessels in excess of size limits determined by local authorities are handled in confined areas by a maritime or marine pilot 14 marine pilots are seafarers with extensive seafaring experience and are usually qualified master mariners who have been trained as expert ship handlers these pilots should be conversant with all types of vessels in their local waters and possess a good knowledge of the different propulsion systems as well as handling ships of all sizes in all weather and tidal conditions 14 they are also experts in the geographical areas they work 14 in most countries the pilot takes over the conduct of the navigation from the ship master this means that the master and crew should adhere to the pilot s orders in respect of the safe navigation of the vessel when in a compulsory pilotage area however the master may with good cause resume conduct of the vessel s navigation but this is not done lightly in some countries and areas e g the united kingdom and the united states of america the pilot s role is as an advisor however in practice they are likely to have the vessel s conduct especially on larger ships assisted by tugboats in some places specifically in the panama canal a pilot assumes command of a vessel and is not classed as an advisor other instances may include crossing the sill of a drydock or any port in russia or ex soviet states this distinction is important because when a pilot is in command the master cannot take any action and is limited to advising the pilot on any circumstance that he considers dangerous regulatory knowledge edit a working knowledge of the relevant rules and regulations including those of the international maritime organization is good seamanship as it ensures compliance with international flag and port state requirements for example the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea are the principal international rules for navigation between vessels at sea rule 2 18 sets out responsibility for safe navigation by stating nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel or the owner master or crew thereof from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen or by the special circumstances of the case the ordinary practice of seamen is seen as equivalent wording for seamanship 19 other accepted practices of seamanship relating to the colregs include maintaining a proper look out rule 5 proceeding at a safe speed rule 6 and taking correct actions to avoid collision rule 8 18 maintenance and dry docking edit preparation for painting on a ship with a needle gun to remove previous paint layers seamanship involves the correct and adequate maintenance of the ship s structure and equipment to keep the vessel seaworthy this involves knowledge of tasks such as painting greasing and renewing ropes wires and other equipment 20 seamanship also involves a working knowledge of the relevant wires ropes chains shackles and slings onboard this includes mooring ropes used to keep the vessel secure in port 16 seamanship on some vessel types may involve being able to maintain and use marine cranes and lifting equipment if fitted on a ship larger ship types usually have a crane for cargo operations and to bring on board stores provisions and supplies for the crew 21 seamanship knowledge and experience are an integral part of dry docking this includes careful planning of all jobs tasks and repairs adequate preparations e g painting dry dock calculations primarily stability and upthrust safety within the dry dock and checks upon departure e g plugs returned and sealed 22 lifeboat rescue boat and survival craft maintenance and operation are an essential part of seamanship 23 this involves being able to operate survival craft in emergencies but also to be able to maintain them effectively to operate in accordance with solas requirements 23 the stcw convention requires that modern seafarers be familiar with emergency operations including fire fighting personnel at sea are required to undertake firefighting training at shore based training establishments 24 it is a statutory requirement and considered good seamanship to regularly practice drill these skills when at sea 24 other emergency skills include the man overboard rescue turn traditional seamanship skills edit a swedish fid used ropework techniques and a traditional aspect of seamanship historic or traditional seamanship skills are less frequently used on modern commercial ships however they are usually still practiced in training colleges and used on smaller ships fishing vessels and leisure craft 25 these include ropework included tying knots rope splicing wire splicing lashings and whippings as well as rigging of a stage rigging of a bosuns ladder canvas work use of chain blocks and pulleys etc 25 other traditional practices apply to life onboard such as forms of address to the captain and in use of marine flag including courtesies and flag signalling 25 specifically these include items such as flag signalling terms single and double letter meanings according to the international code of signals flag maintenance the use of ensigns and also morse code procedure and practice 26 in the days of sailing ships an able seaman was expected to be able to hand and reef and steer and to know the ropes the basic knowledge on the identity of the many ropes with different functions this latter knowledge was essential for both safety and efficient working those without it would be dismissed or derated at the first opportunity training is more formal in the merchant navy and naval forces but still covers the ...