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ge reaches market size 43 44 over the years rossmore oysters have shown to develop lower prevalence of b ostreae infection and percentage mortality ragone calvo et al 2003 selectively bred the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica for resistance against co occurring parasites haplosporidium nelson msx and perkinsus marinus dermo they achieved dual resistance to the disease in four generations of selective breeding the oysters showed higher growth and survival rates and low susceptibility to the infections at the end of the experiment artificially selected c virginica showed a 34 48 higher survival rate 45 penaeid shrimps edit selection for growth in penaeid shrimps yielded successful results a selective breeding program for litopenaeus stylirostris saw an 18 increase in growth after the fourth generation and 21 growth after the fifth generation 46 marsupenaeus japonicas showed a 10 7 increase in growth after the first generation 47 argue et al 2002 conducted a selective breeding program on the pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei at the oceanic institute waimanalo usa from 1995 to 1998 they reported significant responses to selection compared to the unselected control shrimps after one generation a 21 increase was observed in growth and 18 4 increase in survival to tsv 48 the taura syndrome virus tsv causes mortalities of 70 or more in shrimps c i oceanos s a in colombia selected the survivors of the disease from infected ponds and used them as parents for the next generation they achieved satisfying results in two or three generations wherein survival rates approached levels before the outbreak of the disease 49 the resulting heavy losses up to 90 caused by infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus ihhnv caused a number of shrimp farming industries started to selectively breed shrimps resistant to this disease successful outcomes led to development of super shrimp a selected line of l stylirostris that is resistant to ihhnv infection tang et al 2000 confirmed this by showing no mortalities in ihhnv challenged super shrimp post larvae and juveniles 50 aquatic species versus terrestrial livestock edit selective breeding programs for aquatic species provide better outcomes compared to terrestrial livestock this higher response to selection of aquatic farmed species can be attributed to the following high fecundity in both sexes fish and shellfish enabling higher selection intensity large phenotypic and genetic variation in the selected traits selective breeding in aquaculture provide remarkable economic benefits to the industry the primary one being that it reduces production costs due to faster turnover rates when selective breeding is carried out some characteristics are lost for others that may suit a specific environment or situation 51 this is because of faster growth rates decreased maintenance rates increased energy and protein retention and better feed efficiency 23 applying genetic improvement programs to aquaculture species will increase their productivity thus allowing them to meet the increasing demands of growing populations conversely selective breeding within aquaculture can create problems within the biodiversity of both stock and wild fish which can hurt the industry down the road although there is great potential to improve aquaculture due to the current lack of domestication it is essential that the genetic diversity of the fish are preserved through proper genetic management as we domesticate these species 52 it is not uncommon for fish to escape the nets or pens that they are kept in especially en masse if these fish are farmed in areas they are not native to they may be able to establish themselves and outcompete native populations of fish and cause ecological harm as an invasive species 53 furthermore if they are in areas where the fish being farmed are also native their genetics are selectively bred rather than being wild these farmed fish could breed with the natives which could be problematic in the sense that they would have been bred for consumption rather than by chance this results in an overall decrease in genetic diversity and rendering local fish populations less fit for survival 53 if proper management is not being undertaken then the economic benefits and the diversity of the fish species will falter 52 advantages and disadvantages edit selective breeding is a direct way to determine if a specific trait can evolve in response to selection a single generation method of breeding is not as accurate or direct the process is also more practical and easier to understand than sibling analysis selective breeding is better for traits such as physiology and behavior that are hard to measure because it requires fewer individuals to test than single generation testing however there are disadvantages to this process this is because a single experiment done in selective breeding cannot be used to assess an entire group of genetic variances individual experiments must be done for every individual trait also due to the necessity of selective breeding experiments to require maintaining the organisms tested in a lab or greenhouse it is impractical to use this breeding method on many organisms controlled mating instances are difficult to carry out in this case and this is a necessary component of selective breeding 54 additionally selective breeding can lead to a variety of issues including reduction of genetic diversity or physical problems the process of selective breeding can create physical issues for plants or animals such as dogs selectively bred for extremely small sizes dislocating their kneecaps at a much more frequent rate then other dogs 55 an example in the plant world is the lenape potatoes were selectively bred for their disease or pest resistance which was attributed to their high levels of toxic glycoalkaloid solanine which are usually present only in small amounts in potatoes fit for human consumption 56 when genetic diversity is lost it can also allow for populations to lack genetic alternatives to adapt to events this becomes an issue of biodiversity because attributes are so wide spread they can result in mass epidemics as seen in the southern corn leaf blight epidemic of 1970 that wiped out 15 of the united states corn crop due to the wide use of a type of texan corn strain that was artificially selected due to having sterile pollen to make farming easier at the same time it was more vulnerable to southern corn leaf blight 57 58 see also edit animal breeding animal husbandry breed registry breeding back captive breeding culling eugenics experimental evolution gene pool genetic engineering genomics of domestication inbreeding marker assisted selection mutation breeding natural selection plant breeding potsdam giants quantitative genetics serial passage selection limits selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction selective breeding and the birth of philosophy references edit https www merriam 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