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e emperor could speak at any time 5 besides the emperor consuls and praetors could also preside over the senate the senate ordinarily met in the curia julia usually on either the kalends the first day of the month or the ides around the fifteenth day of the month although scheduled meetings occurred more frequently in september and october other meetings were held on an ad hoc basis 3 under augustus a quorum was set at 400 senators although eventually excessive absenteeism forced the senate to lower the number of senators necessary for a quorum and on some matters to revoke the quorum rules altogether 5 most of the bills that came before the senate were presented by the emperor or his supporters in the body in the early principate augustus and tiberius made conscious efforts to hide their influence on the body lobbying in private instead of directly proposing legislation 2 since no senator could stand for election to a magisterial office without the emperor s approval senators usually did not vote against bills that had been presented by the emperor citation needed if a senator disapproved of a bill he usually showed his disapproval by not attending the senate meeting on the day that the bill was to be voted on 6 each emperor selected a quaestor to compile the proceedings of the senate into a document the acta senatus which included proposed bills official documents and a summary of speeches that had been presented before the senate the document was archived while parts of it were published in a document called the acta diurna or daily doings and then distributed to the public 6 according to the historia augusta elagabalus 4 2 and 12 3 emperor elagabalus had his mother or grandmother take part in senate proceedings and elagabalus was the only one of all the emperors under whom a woman attended the senate like a man just as though she belonged to the senatorial order david magie s translation according to the same work elagabalus also established a women s senate called the senaculum which enacted rules to be applied to matrons regarding clothing chariot riding the wearing of jewelry etc elagabalus 4 3 and aurelian 49 6 before this agrippina the younger mother of nero had been listening to senate proceedings concealed behind a curtain according to tacitus annales 13 5 the curia julia in the roman forum the seat of the imperial senate powers edit while the roman assemblies continued to meet after the founding of the empire their powers were all transferred to the senate and so senatorial decrees senatus consulta acquired the full force of law 4 the legislative powers of the imperial senate were principal of a financial and an administrative nature although the senate did retain a range of powers over the provinces 4 the senate could also regulate festivals and religious cults grant special honors excuse an individual usually the emperor from legal liability manage temples and public games and even enact tax laws but only with the acquiescence of the emperor 4 however it had no real authority over either the state religion or over public lands during the early roman empire all judicial powers that had been held by the roman assemblies were also transferred to the senate for example the senate now held jurisdiction over criminal trials in these cases a consul presided the senators constituted the jury and the verdict was handed down in the form of a decree senatus consultum 4 7 and while a verdict could not be appealed the emperor could pardon a convicted individual through a veto each province that was under the jurisdiction of the senate had its own court and upon the recommendation of a consul decisions of these provincial courts could be appealed to the senate 7 in theory the senate elected new emperors while in conjunction with the popular assemblies it would then confer upon the new emperor his command powers imperium 7 after an emperor had died or abdicated his office the senate would often deify him although sometimes it would pass a decree damnatio memoriae or damnation from memory which would attempt to cancel every trace of that emperor from the life of rome as if he had never existed 7 the emperor tiberius transferred all electoral powers from the assemblies to the senate 7 and while theoretically the senate elected new magistrates the approval of the emperor was always needed before an election could be finalized despite this fact however elections remained highly contested and vigorously fought 7 under vespasian 69 79 ad senators were accorded an increased role as senior officials of the imperial household in rome or as provincial rulers directly representing the emperor at the same time members of the equestrian order were employed in administrative positions that earlier emperors had reserved for freedmen in the case of the senate this expanded responsibility ensured an increased opportunity for providing advice and exercising authority at the end of the flavian dynasty the senate was able to choose nerva as the new emperor the first time under the empire that such an initiative had been possible 8 however after the death of marcus aurelius the senate became increasingly irrelevant as emperors become more hostile to its members and less frequently consulted it 2 by the severan dynasty the senatorial class was also increasingly separated from the actual operations of government which were increasingly taken over by equestrians and other members of the imperial bureaucracy 2 around 300 ad the emperor diocletian enacted a series of constitutional reforms in one such reform diocletian asserted the right of the emperor to take power without the theoretical consent of the senate thus depriving the senate of its status as the ultimate depository of supreme power diocletian s reforms also ended whatever illusion had remained that the senate had independent legislative judicial or electoral powers the senate did however retain its legislative powers over public games in rome and over the senatorial order the senate also retained the power to try treason cases and to elect some magistrates but only with the permission of the emperor in the final years of the empire the senate would sometimes try to appoint their own emperor such as in the case of eugenius who was later defeated by forces loyal to theodosius i the senate remained the last stronghold of the traditional roman religion in the face of the spreading christianity and several times attempted to facilitate the return of the altar of victory first removed by constantius ii to the senatorial curia bronze doors of the ancient roman senate taken from the roman forum restored and placed in 1660 in the lateran basilica post imperial period edit after the fall of the western roman empire the roman senate continued to function under the barbarian chieftain odoacer and then under theoderic the great who founded the ostrogothic kingdom the authority of the senate rose considerably under barbarian leaders who sought to protect the institution this period was characterized by the rise of prominent roman senatorial families such as the anicii while the senate s leader the princeps senatus often served as the right hand of the barbarian leader it is known that the senate installed laurentius as antipope in 498 despite the fact that both king theoderic the great and emperor anastasius i dicorus supported pope symmachus the peaceful co existence of senatorial and barbarian rule continued until the ostrogothic leader theodahad began an uprising against emperor justinian i and took the senators as hostages several senators were executed in 552 as a revenge for the death of the ostrogothic king totila after rome was recaptured by the imperial byzantine army the senate was restored but the institution like classical rome itself had been mortally weakened by the long war between the byzantines and the ostrogoths many senators had been killed and many of those who had fled to the east chose to remain there thanks to favorable legislation passed by emperor justinian who however abolished virtually all senatorial offices in italy the importance of the roman senate thus declined rapidly in 578 and again in 580 the senate sent envoys to constantinople who delivered 3000 pounds of gold as a gift to the new emperor tiberius ii constantinus along with a plea for help against the lombards who had invaded italy ten years earlier pope gregory i in a sermon from 593 senatus deest or 18 lamented the almost complete disappearance of the senatorial order and the decline of the prestigious institution it is not clearly known when the roman senate disappeared in the west but it is known from gregorian register that the senate acclaimed new statues of emperor phocas and empress leontia in 603 9 the institution must have ended by 630 when the curia was transformed into a church by pope honorius i the byzantine senate did continue to exist in the eastern roman empire s capital constantinople however having been instituted there during the reign of constantine i where it survived until at least the mid 14th century see also edit roman kingdom roman republic roman empire roman law plebeian council centuria curia roman consul praetor roman censor quaestor aedile roman dictator master of the horse roman senate cursus honorum byzantine senate pontifex maximus references edit abbott frank frost 1901 a history and description of roman political institutions elibron classics isbn 0 543 92749 0 byrd robert 1995 the senate of the roman republic u s government printing office senate document 103 23 cicero marcus tullius 1841 the political works of marcus tullius cicero comprising his treatise on the commonwealth and his treatise on the laws translated from the original with dissertations and notes in two volumes by francis barham esq london edmund spettigue vol 1 lintott andrew 1999 the constitution of the roman republic oxford university press isbn 0 19 926108 3 polybius 1823 the general history of polybius translated from the greek by james hampton oxford printed by w baxter fifth edition vol 2 taylor lily ross 1966 roman voting assemblies from the hannibalic war to the dictatorship of caesar the university of michigan press isbn 0 472 08125 x notes edit 1 2 3 4 abbott 381 1 2 3 4 5 talbert richard 1984 the senate of imperial rome princeton new jersey princeton university press isbn 0 691 05400 2 1 2 3 4 5 abbott 382 1 2 3 4 5 abbott 385 1 2 3 abbott 383 1 2 abbott 384 1 2 3 4 5 6 abbott 386 mose hadas pages 63 65 imperial rome time life international 1966 jeffrey richards the popes and the papacy in the early middle ages 476 752 p 246 further reading edit a cameron the later roman empire fontana press 1993 m crawford the roman republic fontana press 1978 e s gruen the last generation of the roman republic u california press 1974 ihne wilhelm researches into the history of the roman constitution william pickering 1853 a lintott the constitution of the roman republic oxford university press 1999 f millar the emperor in the roman world duckworth 1977 1992 mommsen theodor roman constitutional law 1871 1888 richard j a talbert the senate of imperial rome princeton university press 1994 tighe ambrose the development of the roman constitution d apple co 1886 von fritz kurt the theory of the mixed constitution in antiquity columbia university press new york 1975 cambridge ancient history volumes 9 13 primary sources edit cicero s de re publica book two rome at the end of the punic wars an analysis of the roman government by polybius v t e roman constitution institutions assemblies comitia curiata comitia centuriata comitia tributa concilium plebis contio magistrates consul consular tribune dictator magister equitum praetor aedile tribune of the plebs quaestor promagistrate junior magistrates decemviri stlitibus judicandis tresviri capitales triumvir monetalis senate senatus consultum ultimum senate of the roman republic senate of the roman empire byzantine senate periods roman republic overthrow of the roman monarchy conflict of the orders constitutional reforms of sulla constitutional reforms of augustus principate tetrarchy dominate concepts conflict of the orders roman law obligation v t e ancient rome topics outline timeline index history foundation kingdom overthrow republic empire history pax romana principate dominate western empire fall historiography of the fall byzantine empire decline fall later roman empire history constitution history kingdom republic empire late empire senate legislative assemblies curiate centuriate tribal plebeian executive magistrates spqr law twelve tables mos maiorum citizenship auctoritas imperium status litigation government curia forum cursus honorum collegiality emperor legatus dux officium praefectus vicarius vigintisexviri lictor magister militum imperator princeps senatus pontifex maximus augustus caesar tetrarch optimates and populares province magistrates ordinary consul censor praetor tribune tribune of the plebs military tribune quaestor aedile promagistrate governor extraordinary rex interrex dictator magister equitum decemviri consular tribune triumvir military history borders structural history campaigns political control strategy engineering frontiers and fortifications castra technology army legion infantry tactics personal equipment siege engines siege warfare navy auxiliaries decorations and punishments hippika gymnasia economy agriculture deforestation commerce finance currency republican currency imperial currency poverty culture architecture art bathing calendar clothing cosmetics cuisine education family pater familias folklore hairstyles literature music mythology religion deities romanization romans sexuality spectacles theatre toys and games wine society patricians plebs conflict of the orders secessio plebis equites gens tribes assembly patronage naming conventions demography women marriage weddings adoption slavery bagaudae hippodrome factions technology amphitheatres aqueducts bridges circuses civil engineering concrete domes metallurgy numerals roads sanitation ships temples theatres thermae latin history alphabet versions old classical vulgar late medieval renaissance neo latin contemporary ecclesiastical romance languages writers latin aelius donatus ammianus marcellinus appuleius asconius pedianus augustine aurelius victor ausonius boëthius caesar catullus cassiodorus censorinus cicero claudian columella cornelius nepos ennius eutropius fabius pictor sextus pompeius festus rufus festus florus frontinus fronto fulgentius gellius horace hydatius hyginus jerome jordanes julius paulus justin juvenal lactantius livy lucan lucretius macrobius marcellus empiricus marcus aurelius manilius martial nicolaus damascenus nonius marcellus obsequens orosius ovid petronius phaedrus plautus pliny the elder pliny the younger pomponius mela priscian propertius quadrigarius quintilian quintus curtius rufus sallust seneca the elder seneca the younger servius si...