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hadži prodan s rebellion 1814 ottoman empire second serbian uprising 1815 1817 serbian rebels wallachia second serbian uprising 1815 1817 ottoman empire bosnia eyalet pashalik of scutari pashalik of yanina commanders and leaders first serbian uprising 1804 1813 karađorđe matija nenadović jakov nenadović mladen milovanović milenko stojković stanoje glavaš vasa čarapić hajduk veljko miloš obrenović wia petar dobrnjac tomo milinović zeka buljubaša hadži prodan s rebellion 1814 hadži prodan stanoje glavaš second serbian uprising 1815 1817 miloš obrenović jovan obrenović milić drinčić jovan dimitrijević dobrača petar nikolajević moler stojan čupić sima nenadović sima katić toma vučić perišić tanasko rajić first serbian uprising 1804 1813 mehmed aga fočić aganlija kučuk alija mula jusuf selim iii sultan until 1807 mustafa iv sultan 1807 08 mahmud ii sultan from 1808 sulejman paša skopljak hurshid pasha receb ağa bekir pasha sinan paša sijerčić osman gradaščević mehmed beg kulenović ibrahim bushati muhtar pasha veli pasha hadži prodan s rebellion 1814 mahmud ii sultan sulejman paša skopljak second serbian uprising 1815 1817 mahmud ii sultan maraşlı ali pasha sulejman paša skopljak hurshid pasha ibrahim pasa osman beg seuchesmu caja imšir kara mustafa v t e serbian revolution first serbian uprising inns drlupa rudnik valjevo svileuva vrbica šabac batočina and jagodina ropočevo and leštane belgrade blockade čokešina požarevac smederevo podrinje šabac čačak karanovac užice ivankovac adakale kruševac paraćin ražanj aleksinac poreč dživdžibare bratačić mišar mašići deligrad belgrade loznica malajnica and štubik podrinje čegar jasika prahovo suvodol jančić s drina varvarin loznica mačva ravnje hadži prodan s rebellion second serbian uprising rudnik ljubić čačak palež požarevac karanovac dublje timeline rise of nationalism in the balkans nationalism under the ottoman empire albania aromania bosnia and herzegovina bulgaria greece north macedonia romania serbia v t e part of a series on revolution by characteristic bourgeois colour communist counter revolutionary democratic nonviolent passive permanent proletarian from above wave social methods boycott civil disorder civil war class struggle contentious politics coup d état demonstration human chain direct action guerrilla warfare insurgency mass mobilization mutiny protest rebellion resistance nonviolent civil disobedience riot samizdat strike action tax resistance terror examples english american brabant liège french haitian spanish american serbian greek 1820s 1830 july belgian texas 1848 italian states february german hungarian eureka bulgarian unification philippine iranian first second young turk mexican chinese xinhai communist cultural 1917 1923 russian german siamese spanish august guatemalan indonesian hungarian 1956 cuban rwandan nicaraguan carnation saur people power 1989 yogurt velvet romanian singing bolivarian bulldozer rose orange tulip kyrgyz arab spring tunisian egyptian yemeni euromaidan second arab spring sudanese gen z in asia bangladeshi nepali malagasy politics portal v t e the serbian revolution serbian српска револуција romanized srpska revolucija was a national uprising and constitutional change in serbia that took place between 1804 and 1835 during which this territory evolved from an ottoman province into a rebel territory a constitutional monarchy and modern serbia 2 in 1804 the ottoman janissary decided to execute all prominent nobles throughout central serbia a move known as the slaughter of the knezes the heads of the murdered serbian nobles were put on public display in the central square to serve as an example to those who might plot against ottoman rule the event triggered the start of the serbian revolution aimed at putting an end to the 370 years of ottoman occupation the first part of the period from 1804 to 1817 was marked by a violent struggle for independence from the ottoman empire with two armed uprisings taking place ending with a ceasefire the later period 1817 1835 witnessed a peaceful consolidation of political power of the increasingly autonomous serbia culminating in the recognition of the right to hereditary rule by serbian princes in 1830 and 1833 and the territorial expansion of the young monarchy 3 the adoption of the first written constitution in 1835 abolished feudalism and serfdom 4 and made the country suzerain 3 the term serbian revolution was coined by a german academic historiographer leopold von ranke in his book die serbische revolution published in 1829 these events marked the foundation of modern serbia the period is further divided as follows first serbian uprising 1804 13 led by karađorđe petrović hadži prodan s rebellion 1814 second serbian uprising 1815 17 led by miloš obrenović official recognition of the serbian state 1815 1833 official serbian constitution 1835 the proclamation 1809 by karađorđe in the capital belgrade represents the probable peak of the first phase it called for national unity drawing on serbian history to demand the freedom of religion and formal written rule of law both of which the ottoman empire had failed to provide it also called on serbs to stop paying taxes to the porte deemed unfair as based on religious affiliation apart from dispensing with poll tax on non muslims jizya the revolutionaries also abolished all feudal obligations in 1806 only 15 years after the french revolution peasant and serf emancipation thus representing a major social break with the past the rule of miloš obrenović consolidated the achievements of the uprisings leading to the proclamation of the first constitution in the balkans and the establishment of the first serbian institution of higher learning still in existence the great academy of belgrade 1808 in 1830 and again in 1833 serbia was recognized as an autonomous principality with hereditary princes paying annual tribute to the porte finally de facto independence came in 1867 with the withdrawal of ottoman garrisons from the principality de jure independence was formally recognized at the congress of berlin in 1878 background edit see also sanjak of smederevo kingdom of serbia 1718 39 and habsburg occupied serbia 1788 92 new circumstances such as the austrian occupation of serbia rise of the serbian elite across the danube napoleon s conquests in the balkans and reforms in the russian empire exposed serbs to new ideas they could now clearly compare how their compatriots made progress in christian austria the illyrian provinces and elsewhere while the ottoman serbs were still subjects to a religion based tax that treated them as second class citizens 2 during the austrian occupation of serbia 1788 91 many serbs served as soldiers and officers in habsburg armies where they acquired knowledge about military tactics organization and weapons others were employed in administrative offices in hungary or in the occupied zone they began to travel in search of trade and education and were exposed to european ideas about secular society politics law and philosophy including both rationalism and romanticism they met with the values of the french revolution which would affect many serbian merchants and educated people there was an active serbian community in the southern habsburg empire from where ideas made their way southwards across the danube another role model was the russian empire the only independent slavic and orthodox country which had recently reformed itself and was now a serious menace to the turks the russian experience implied hope for serbia 2 other serbian thinkers found strengths in the serbian nation itself two top serbian scholars were influenced by western learning to turn their attention to serbia s own language and literature one was dositej obradović 1743 a former priest who left for western europe disappointed that his people had so little secular literature which was mainly written not in the vernacular but either in old church slavonic or in newly emerging russo serbian hybrid language called slavo serbian he decided to bring written language closer to vernacular serbian language common people spoke and thus assembled grammars and dictionaries wrote some books himself and translated others others followed his lead and revived tales of serbia s medieval glory he later became the first minister of education of modern serbia 1805 the second figure was vuk karadžić 1787 vuk was less influenced by enlightenment rationalism like dositej obradović and more by romanticism which romanticized rural and peasant communities vuk collected and published serbian epic poetry work that helped to build serbian awareness of a common identity based in shared customs and shared history this kind of linguistic and cultural self awareness was a central feature of german nationalism in this period and serbian intellectuals now applied the same ideas to the balkans in 1804 the janissary that ruled serbia at the time having taken power in the sanjak of smederevo in defiance of the sultan feared that the sultan would make use of the serbs to oust them to forestall this they decided to execute all prominent nobles throughout central serbia a move known as the slaughter of the knezes according to historical sources of the city of valjevo the heads of the murdered men were put on public display in the central square to serve as an example to those who might plot against the rule of the janissaries the event triggered the start of the serbian revolution with the first serbian uprising aimed at putting an end to the 370 years of ottoman occupation of modern serbia 5 first serbian uprising 1804 1813 edit see also first serbian uprising karađorđe petrović black george leader of the first serbian uprising during the first serbian uprising 1804 1813 serbia perceived itself as an independent state for the first time after 400 years of ottoman and short lasting austrian occupations encouraged by the russian empire the demands for self government within the ottoman empire in 1804 evolved into a war of independence by 1807 combining patriarchal peasant democracy with modern national goals the serbian revolution was attracting thousands of volunteers among the serbs from across the balkans and central europe the serbian revolution ultimately became a symbol of the nation building process in southeast europe provoking peasant unrest among the christians in both greece and bulgaria following a successful siege with 25 000 men on 8 january 1807 the charismatic leader of the revolt karađorđe petrović proclaimed belgrade the capital of serbia serbs responded to ottoman brutalities by establishing separate institutions governing council praviteljstvujušči sovjet the velika škola the theological academy bogoslovija and other administrative bodies karađorđe and other revolutionary leaders sent their children to the great academy which had among its students vuk stefanović karadžić 1787 1864 the reformer of the serbian alphabet belgrade was repopulated by local military leaders merchants and craftsmen but also by an important group of enlightened serbs from the habsburg empire who gave a new cultural and political framework to the egalitarian peasant society of serbia dositej obradović a prominent figure of the serbian enlightenment the founder of the great academy became the first minister of education of serbia in 1811 following the treaty of bucharest may 1812 and french invasion of russia in june 1812 the russian empire withdrew its support for the serb rebels unwilling to accept anything less than independence a quarter of serbia s population at the moment around 100 000 people were exiled into habsburg empire including the leader of the uprising karađorđe petrović 2 recaptured by the ottomans in october 1813 belgrade became a scene of brutal revenge with hundreds of its citizens massacred and thousands sold into slavery as far as asia after the pashalik of belgrade fell back to the ottoman rule various acts of violence and confiscation of people s properties took place islamized serbs and albanians especially took part in such actions 6 direct ottoman rule also meant the abolition of all serbian institutions and the return of ottoman turks to serbia hadži prodan s revolt 1814 edit see also hadži prodanova buna despite losing the battle tensions nevertheless persisted in 1814 an unsuccessful hadži prodan s revolt was launched by hadži prodan gligorijević one of the veterans of the first serbian uprising he knew the turks would arrest him so he decided to resist them miloš obrenović another veteran felt the time was not right for an uprising and did not provide assistance hadži prodan s uprising soon failed and he fled to austria after a riot at a turkish estate in 1814 the turkish authorities massacred the local population and publicly impaled 200 prisoners at belgrade 2 by march 1815 serbs had held several meetings and decided upon a new revolt second serbian uprising 1815 1817 edit see also second serbian uprising miloš obrenović leader of the second serbian uprising and the first prince of serbia the second serbian uprising 1815 1817 was a second phase of the national revolution of the serbs against the ottoman empire which erupted shortly after the brutal annexation of the country to the ottoman empire and the failed hadži prodan s revolt the revolutionary council proclaimed an uprising in takovo on april 23 1815 with miloš obrenović chosen as the leader while karađorđe was still in exile in austria the decision of the serb leaders was based on two reasons first they feared a general massacre of knezes secondly they learned that karađorđe was planning to return from exile in russia the anti karađorđe faction including miloš obrenović was anxious to forestall karađorđe and keep him out of power 2 principality of serbia in 1817 fighting resumed at easter in 1815 and miloš became supreme leader of the new revolt when the ottomans discovered this they sentenced all of its leaders to death the serbs fought in battles at ljubic čačak palez požarevac and dublje and managed to reconquer the pashaluk of belgrade miloš advocated a policy of restraint 2 captured ottoman soldiers were not killed and civilians were released his announced goal was not independence but an end to abusive misrule wider european events now helped the serbian cause political and diplomatic means in negotiations between the prince of serbia and the ottoman porte instead of further war clashes coincided with the political rules within the framework of metternich s europe prince miloš obrenović an astute politician and able diplomat in order to confirm his hard won loyalty to the porte in 1817 ordered the assassination of karađorđe petrović the final defeat of napoleon in 1815 raised turkish fears that russia might again intervene in the balkans to avoid this the sultan agreed to make serbia a vassal state semi independent but nominally responsible to the porte legal status of serbia 1815 1830 edit in mid 1815 the fir...