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een 736 10 13 and 753 residents 14 zone b covered 260 hectares and had a tcdd soil concentration of between 5 and 50 μg m 2 it had 4737 residents 5 10 zone r had a negligible concentration of tcdd of up to 5 μg m 2 it had 31 800 residents 10 the population who lived in the path of the aerosol cloud developed acute symptoms such as headaches nausea and eye irritation 19 children in the area were hospitalized with skin lesions 14 500 residents in the area were treated for acute skin irritation the accident also immediately caused 193 individuals to develop chloracne none of whom were employed at the icmesa plant 14 by the 2nd of august all residents in zone a were evacuated and the area was fenced off however evacuation only began 15 days after the accident took place 10 after evacuation all residents of zone a were medically examined and laboratory tests were performed ultimately 640 individuals living in the region were affected with chloracne 15 an estimated 25 of all animals in zone a died immediately after exposure to the aerosol cloud 13 and by the end of july 3 300 animals mostly poultry and rabbits were found dead 14 16 26 emergency slaughtering commenced to prevent tcdd from entering the food chain and by 1978 over 80 000 animals had been culled 14 the residents of zone b were not evacuated but were given warnings to refrain from eating locally grown produce and poultry the residents of zone b were given medical examinations and clinical laboratory tests pregnant women and children under 12 years old were relocated daily 10 residents of zone r were only warned to not eat locally grown foods 10 an advice center was set up for pregnant women of whom 26 opted for an abortion which was only legal in special cases after consultation 3 another 460 women continued their pregnancies without problems their children not showing any sign of malformation citation needed herwig von zwehl technical director of icmesa and paolo paoletti director of production at icmesa were arrested two government commissions were established to develop a plan for quarantining and decontaminating the area for which the italian government allotted 40 billion lire us 47 8 million this amount was tripled two years later animals that did not live in the area but were fed plants harvested there after the accident showed a 100 mortality rate 16 15 26 studies on immediate and long term health effects edit considering the accident resulted in some of the highest residential exposures to 2 3 7 8 tetrachlorodibenzo p dioxin tcdd ever recorded the local population has been followed for decades to assess long term health outcomes early investigations documented clear exposure response patterns for chloracne but were less conclusive for other short term effects such as changes in liver function immune parameters and reproduction 1 long term cohort and registry studies have examined overall mortality and specific causes of death among residents of the most contaminated zones compared with nearby reference populations follow up of mortality has reported excess deaths from lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers in the two most highly exposed zones particularly among women while all cause and all cancer mortality for the broader population have not consistently increased analyses of cancer incidence have also suggested elevated risks for selected malignancies including some lymphatic and hematopoietic neoplasms and in certain periods breast cancer among women in the most contaminated area although small numbers and long latency make interpretation cautious 17 a 1991 study 18 fourteen years after the accident sought to assess the effects on the thousands of persons that had been exposed to dioxin the most evident adverse health effect ascertained was chloracne 193 cases other early effects noted were peripheral neuropathy and liver enzyme induction the ascertainment of other possibly severe sequelae of dioxin exposure e g birth defects was hampered by inadequate information however generally no increased risks were evident a study published in 1998 concluded that chloracne nearly 200 cases with a definite exposure dependence was the only effect established with certainty early health investigations including liver function immune function neurologic impairment and reproductive effects yielded inconclusive results an excess mortality rate from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases was uncovered and an excess of diabetes cases was also found results of cancer incidence and mortality follow up showed an increased occurrence of cancer of the gastrointestinal sites and of the lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue results cannot be viewed as final or comprehensive however because of various limitations the lack of individual exposure data short latency period and small population size for certain cancer types a 2001 study confirmed in victims of the disaster that dioxin is carcinogenic to humans and corroborate its association with cardiovascular and endocrine related effects in 2009 an update including 5 more years up to 1996 found an increase in lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue neoplasms and increased breast cancer 19 a 2008 study evaluated whether maternal exposure is associated with modified neonatal thyroid function in the highly exposed population in seveso and concluded that environmental contaminants such as dioxins have a long lasting capability to modify neonatal thyroid function after the initial exposure 20 the male children of mothers who were during pregnancy of those children exposed to high levels of toxic dioxins due to the seveso disaster have been found to have lower than average sperm counts this result of the underlying seveso study has been noted to provide the most pronounced evidence for prenatal exposure to an environmental chemical causing low sperm counts 21 cleanup operations edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources seveso disaster news newspapers books scholar jstor may 2026 learn how and when to remove this message in january 1977 an action plan consisting of scientific analysis economic aid medical monitoring and restoration decontamination was completed it was approved by regional authorities on 15 february 1977 5 shortly after icmesa began to pay the first compensations to those affected decontamination efforts began soon after all buildings in zone a including homes were razed because tcdd is not soluble it had begun to seep into the soil whenever it rained and there was some concern that it would eventually reach the water table to prevent this and other issues the top 25 centimetres of soil about 10 000 tonnes in total were removed from the surface of zone a and replaced with non contaminated soil 5 in june a system for epidemiological health monitoring for 220 000 people was launched they then used trichlorophenol to make a drug to fight skin infections which they tested in dogs in june 1978 the italian government raised its special loan from 40 to 115 billion lire by the end of the year most individual compensation claims had been settled out of court on 5 february 1980 paolo paoletti director of production at icmesa was shot and killed in monza by a member of the italian radical left wing terrorist organization prima linea 22 on 19 december 1980 representatives of the region of lombardy italian republic and givaudan icmesa signed a compensation agreement in the presence of the prime minister of italy arnaldo forlani the total amount would reach 20 billion lire waste from the cleanup edit the waste from the cleanup of the plant was a mixture of protective clothing and chemical residues this waste was packed into waste drums which had been designed for the storage of nuclear waste it was agreed that the waste would be disposed of legally to this end in spring 1982 the firm mannesmann italiana was contracted to dispose of the contaminated chemicals from zone a mannesmann italiana made it a condition that givaudan would not be notified of the disposal site which prompted givaudan to insist that a notary public certify the disposal on 9 september 41 barrels of toxic waste left the icmesa premises on 13 december the notary gave a sworn statement that the barrels had been disposed of in an approved way however in february 1983 the programme a bon entendeur on télévision suisse romande a french language swiss television channel followed the route of the barrels to saint quentin in northern france where they disappeared a public debate ensued and numerous theories were put forward when it was found that mannesmann italiana had hired two subcontractors to dispose of the toxic waste on 19 may the 41 barrels were found in an unused abattoir in anguilcourt le sart a village in northern france from there they were transferred to a french military base near sissonne the roche group parent firm of givaudan took it upon itself to properly dispose of the waste on 25 november over nine years after the disaster the roche group issued a public statement that the toxic waste consisting of 42 barrels one was added earlier that year had all been incinerated in switzerland according to new scientist it was thought that the high chlorine content of the waste might cause damage to the high temperature incinerator used by roche but roche stated that they would burn the waste in the incinerator and repair it afterward if it were damaged and that they wanted to take responsibility for the safe destruction of the waste criminal court case edit this section needs expansion with explaining what this criminal court case was about the cleanup operations it s in a sub section or the general disaster you can help by adding missing information september 2022 in september 1983 the criminal court of monza sentenced five former employees of icmesa or its parent company givaudan to prison sentences ranging from 2 5 years to 5 years they all appealed in may 1985 the court of appeal in milan found three of the five accused not guilty the two still facing prosecution appealed to the supreme court in rome on 23 may 1986 the supreme court in rome confirmed the judgment against the two remaining defendants even though the prosecuting attorney had called for their acquittal aftermath edit after the incident icmesa initially refused to admit that the dioxin release had occurred at least a week passed before a public statement was issued that dioxin had been emitted and another week passed before an evacuation began even then the government was saddled with the responsibility of determining the boundaries of the evacuation area and thereafter to organise the evacuation this constituted a major imposition on the community as well as on government resources it was soon recognized that the factory s very rudimentary safety systems had been designed with little more than simple explosion prevention in mind environmental protection had not been considered nor had any consideration been given to setting up any type of warning system or health protection protocols for the local community as a result the local population was caught unaware when the accident happened and thus was unprepared to cope with the danger of an invisible poison in the context of such heightened tensions seveso became a microcosm where all the existing conflicts within society political institutional religious industrial were reflected however within a relatively short time such conflicts abated and the recovery of the community proceeded for in seveso the responsible party was known from the outset and soon offered reparation moreover the eventual disappearance of the offending factory itself and the physical exportation of the toxic substances and polluted soil enabled the community to feel cleansed the resolution of the emotional after effects of the trauma so necessary for the recovery of a community was facilitated by these favourable circumstances 23 industrial safety regulations were passed in the european community in 1982 called the seveso directive 24 which imposed much stronger industrial regulations the seveso directive was updated in 1996 2008 and 2012 and is currently referred to as the seveso iii directive or comah regulations in the united kingdom treatment of the soil in the affected areas is now considered complete since the dioxin levels are now below background the entire site has been turned into a public park known as seveso oak forest park it this area is permanently off limits to development there are two artificial hills in the park today underneath these hills are the toxic remnants including destroyed houses tons of contaminated soil and animal remains all protected in a concrete sarcophagus investigations into site conditions have confirmed that the sarcophagus life expectancy of 300 years is expected appropriate and required citation needed in 2021 the mayor of seveso resigned saying he was concerned that two of the sarcophagi that were used to store the contaminated soil and other materials were leaching into the environment 25 26 however a subsequent investigation found that the leaching concerns were unfounded 27 several studies have been completed on the health of the population of surrounding communities while it has been established that people from seveso exposed to tcdd are more susceptible to certain rare cancers when all types of cancers are grouped into one category no statistically significant increase has yet been reported in any specific cancer category this indicates that more research is needed to determine the true long term health effects on the affected population epidemiological monitoring programmes were established as follows with termination dates abortions 1982 malformations 1982 tumours 1997 deaths 1997 health monitoring of workers at icmesa and on decontamination projects and chloracne sufferers 1985 28 the documentary gambit 29 30 is about jörg sambeth the technical director of icmesa who was sentenced to five years in the first trial but had his sentence reduced to two years and was paroled on appeal 31 in 2021 alessia borroni was elected mayor of seveso she was two years old and lived in seveso when the disaster happened and spent her career studying industrial accidents 5 see also edit chemistry portal italy portal 1976 manfredonia accidental release of arsenic agent orange environmental inequality in europe inochi no chikyuu dioxin no natsu a 2001 film about the incident list of industrial accidents suffocation the fifth track on the dystopian concept album see you later by vangelis is inspired by the seveso disaster and features an emergency announcement in italian to take shelter and a dialog between a man and woman set during the unfolding of the disaster 32 seveso directive one of three european union directives to improve the safety of sites containing large quantities of dangerous substances directive 82 501 ec ...