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فارسی 한국어 polski português svenska 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia postulate in biology european pied flycatcher ficedula hypoleuca ronald fisher in 1912 the sexy son hypothesis in evolutionary biology and sexual selection proposed by patrick j weatherhead and raleigh j robertson of queen s university in kingston ontario in 1979 1 states that a female s ideal mate choice among potential mates is one whose genes will produce males with the best chance of reproductive success this implies that other benefits the father can offer the mother or offspring are less relevant than they may appear including his capacity as a parental caregiver territory and any nuptial gifts fisher s principle means that the sex ratio except in certain eusocial insects is always near 1 1 between males and females yet what matters most are the female s sexy sons future breeding successes more likely if they have a promiscuous father in creating large numbers of offspring carrying copies of her genes 2 clarification needed this sexual selection hypothesis has been researched in species such as the european pied flycatcher ficedula hypoleuca 1 context edit female mating preferences are widely recognized as being responsible for the rapid and divergent evolution of male secondary sex characteristics 3 in 1915 ronald fisher wrote 4 granted that while this taste and preference prevails among the females of the species the males will grow more and more elaborate and beautiful tail feathers the question must be answered why have the females this taste of what use is it to the species that they should select this seemingly useless ornament the first step to a solution lies in the fact that the success of an animal in the struggle for existence is not measured only by the number of offspring which it produces and rears but also by the probable success of these offspring so that in selecting a mate from a number of different competitors it is important to select that one which is most likely to produce successful children 4 in 1976 prior to weatherhead and robertson s paper 1 richard dawkins wrote in his book the selfish gene in a society where males compete with each other to be chosen as he men by females one of the best things a mother can do for her genes is to make a son who will turn out in his turn to be an attractive he man if she can ensure that her son is one of the fortunate few males who wins most of the copulations in the society when he grows up she will have an enormous number of grandchildren the result of this is that one of the most desirable qualities a male can have in the eyes of a female is quite simply sexual attractiveness itself 5 ronald fisher s principle as published in his book the genetical theory of natural selection is one of several possible explanations for the highly diverse and often astonishing ornaments of animals 6 7 8 if females choose physically attractive males they will tend to get physically attractive sons and thus more grandchildren because other choosy females will prefer their attractive sexy sons the theory will function regardless of the physical or behavioral trait a female chooses as long as it is heritable that is the trait varies between individuals of the population because it is possessing the trait that makes males attractive and not the qualities of the trait in itself once a preference becomes established females choosing males with elaborate secondary sexual traits will produce sons that carry alleles for the trait and produce daughters that carry alleles for the preference generating genetic coupling that will drive self reinforcing coevolution of both trait and preference due to the mating advantage of males with the trait creating a fisherian runaway sexy sons process 8 similar models have been proposed for postcopulatory female preferences such as the time at which females removed the male s sperm ampulla after mating sexual selection by direct and or indirect benefits as well as sexual conflict determine the evolution of animal mating systems 9 in its original context the narrow sense sexy son hypothesis of weatherhead and robertson refers to mating systems with care from both parents in these mating systems females that mate with a polygynous male normally receive less assistance than females mated with a monogamous male 10 and thus suffer from direct fitness consequences that have to be at least compensated for by the breeding successes of their sexy sons on the other hand a broad sense sexy son hypothesis encompasses both polygyny and promiscuous mating systems with and without care from both parents alatalo 1998 11 argues that the costs of any additional choice may be so minor that female choice for honestly signaling males that is good genes may evolve even if the indirect benefits on offspring quality are small a similar argument can be made for the sexy son hypothesis if mates of attractive males do not suffer any direct fitness consequences 12 sexual conflict edit guianan cock of the rock rupicola rupicola sexual conflict refers to the conflicting goals of breeding males and females it describes the diverging interests of males and females in optimizing their fitness from the viewpoint of any one partner the best outcome would be for the partner s mate to care for the young thus freeing up their own resources e g time and energy that s he but typically he can invest in further sex that may create additional offspring in polygynous mating systems sexual conflict means the optimization of male reproductive success by having mated with multiple females even though the reproductive success of a polygynously mated female is thereby reduced 12 such can be the case for the guianan cock of the rocks rupicola rupicola whose male members spend a majority of their time and energy maintaining their plumage and attempting to seek the most matings females on the other hand spend their time building and maintaining their nest where they will lay their eggs and raise the young good genes theory edit good genes theory proposes that females select males seen to have genetic advantages that increase offspring quality increased viability of offspring provides compensation for any lower reproductive success that results from their being picky the good gene hypothesis for polyandry proposes that when females encounter better males than their previous mates they re mate in order to fertilize their eggs with the better male s sperm 7 dung beetles who have selected mates with better genetics tend to have offspring that survive longer and are more able to reproduce than those that do not pick mates with genetic quality this suggests that carefully choosing a mate is beneficial 13 another study notes that pronghorn antilocapra americana females engage in an obvious and energetically expensive mate sampling process to identify vigorous males though each female selects independently the outcome is that a small proportion of the herd s males sire most young offspring of attractive males were more likely to survive to weaning and to age classes as late as 5 years apparently due to faster growth rates 14 because pronghorn males do not have costly ornaments the authors conclude that female choice for good genes can exist in the absence of obvious sexual selection cues such as elaborate antlers the sexy son hypothesis is closely related to the good genes assumption and the fisherian runaway selection process like good genes the sexy son hypothesis assumes the existence of indirect genetic benefits that are able to compensate for any inferior direct reproductive success i e fewer offspring the main difference between good genes and the sexy son hypothesis is that the latter assumes an indirect effect due to the attractiveness of the sons whereas good genes focus on the viability of both sons and daughters however attractiveness is not narrowly defined and can refer to every trait that increases a male s probability to become polygynous sperm models edit the successful sperm is the one that fuses with the egg good sperm models predict positive genetic associations between a male s sperm competitiveness and the general viability of his offspring 7 whereas sexy sperm models predict that multiple mating females produce more grandchildren 15 16 as with precopulatory processes postcopulatory models predict that the trait in males that determines fertilization success will become genetically coupled with the mechanism by which females choose the sperm of preferred males 17 see also edit sexual selection in humans strategic pluralism references edit 1 2 3 weatherhead patrick j robertson raleigh j 1979 offspring quality and the polygyny threshold the sexy son hypothesis the american naturalist 113 2 201 208 doi 10 1086 283379 jstor 2460199 s2cid 85283084 gwinner h schwabl 2005 evidence for sexy sons in european starlings sturnus vulgaris behavioral ecology and sociobiology 58 4 375 382 bibcode 2005becos 58 375g doi 10 1007 s00265 005 0948 0 s2cid 42804362 andersson m 1994 sexual selection princeton nj princeton university press 1 2 fisher ronald a 1915 the evolution of sexual preference the eugenics review 7 3 184 192 pmc 2987134 pmid 21259607 dawkins richard 1989 the selfish gene oxford university press isbn 0 19 286092 5 miller geoffrey april 2001 2000 the mating mind first anchor books ed new york ny anchor books isbn 0 385 49517 x 1 2 3 yasui y 1997 a good sperm model can explain the evolution of costly multiple mating by females the american naturalist 149 3 573 584 bibcode 1997anat 149 573y doi 10 1086 286006 s2cid 84991216 1 2 mead ls arnold sj 2004 quantitative genetic models of sexual selection trends in ecology evolution 19 5 264 271 doi 10 1016 j tree 2004 03 003 pmid 16701266 andersson m simmons l w 2006 sexual selection and mate choice trends in ecology evolution 21 6 296 302 citeseerx 10 1 1 595 4050 doi 10 1016 j tree 2006 03 015 pmid 16769428 cite journal cite uses deprecated parameter citeseerx help ligon jd 1999 the evolution of avian breeding systems new york oxford university press alatalo r v 1998 mate choice for offspring performance major benefits or minor costs proceedings of the royal society b biological sciences 265 1412 2297 2301 bibcode 1998pbios 265 2297a doi 10 1098 rspb 1998 0574 pmc 1689521 1 2 huk thomas winkel wolfgang 2008 testing the sexy son hypothesis a research framework for empirical approaches behavioral ecology 19 2 456 461 doi 10 1093 beheco arm150 garcia gonzalez f simmons 2011 good genes and sexual selection in dung beetles onthophagus taurus genetic variance in egg to adult and adult viability plos one 6 1 e16233 bibcode 2011ploso 616233g doi 10 1371 journal pone 0016233 pmc 3022759 pmid 21267411 byers john a waits lisette 2006 good genes sexual selection in nature proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 103 44 16343 1634 bibcode 2006pnas 10316343b doi 10 1073 pnas 0608184103 pmc 1637584 pmid 17060640 curtsinger j w 1991 sperm competition and the evolution of multiple mating the american naturalist 138 1 93 102 bibcode 1991anat 138 93c doi 10 1086 285206 s2cid 84355365 keller l reeve h k 1995 why do females mate with multiple males the sexually selected sperm hypothesis advances in the study of behavior 24 291 315 doi 10 1016 s0065 3454 08 60397 6 isbn 978 0 12 004524 2 s2cid 81592463 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link evans jp simmons lw 2007 the genetic basis of traits regulating sperm competition and polyandry can selection favour the evolution of good and sexy sperm pdf genetica 134 1 5 19 doi 10 1007 s10709 007 9162 5 pmid 17619174 s2cid 8607976 v t e evolutionary psychology history evolutionary thought theoretical foundations adaptationism cognitive revolution cognitivism gene selection theory modern synthesis criticism evolutionary processes acquired characteristics adaptations altruism cheating hamiltonian spite reciprocal baldwin effect by products evolutionarily stable strategy exaptation fitness inclusive kin selection inbreeding avoidance kin recognition parental investment parent offspring conflict mismatch natural selection sexual selection costly signaling male female intrasexual competition mate choice sexual dimorphism social selection species typical behavior areas cognition emotion affect display display rules facial expression behavioral modernity cognitive module modularity of mind adaptive unconscious unconscious cognition automatic and controlled processes cognitive specialization computational theory of mind domain generality domain specificity learning dual process theory cognitive tradeoff hypothesis evolution of the brain evolution of nervous systems fight or flight response arachnophobia basophobia ophidiophobia folk biology taxonomy folk psychology theory of mind intelligence flynn effect wason selection task motor control skill multitasking numerical cognition number sense approximate number system parallel individuation system sleep visual perception color vision eye naïve physics culture aesthetics literary criticism musicology anthropology biological crime language origin psychology speech morality moral foundations religion origin social contagion behavioral contagion emotional contagion epidemiology of representations universals development attachment bonding biology affectional maternal paternal bond caregiver deprivation childhood attachment cinderella effect cognitive development education neuronal recycling hypothesis science of reading language acquisition personality development socialization human factors mental health cognitive ergonomics computer mediated communication engineering psychology human computer interaction media naturalness theory neuroergonomics depression digital media use and mental health hypophobia imprinted brain hypothesis mind blindness psychological effects of internet use rank theory of depression schizophrenia screen time smartphones and pedestrian safety social aspects of television societal effects of cars distracted driving lead crime hypothesis mobile phones and driving safety texting while driving sex activity adult attachment age disparity arousal concealed ovulation coolidge effect desire fantasy hormonal motivation incest taboo westermarck effect jealousy mate guarding mating preferences mating strategies orientation ovulatory shift hypothesis pair bond romantic love physical sexual attraction sexuality male female sexy son hypothesis sex differences aggression autism cognition crime division of labour emotional intelligence empathising systemising theory gender role intell...