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h read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia construction of ships and floating vessels this article is about the construction of ships for the song see shipbuilding song shipwright redirects here for other uses see shipwright disambiguation not to be confused with boat building admiralty and maritime law history code of hammurabi corpus juris civilis digesta ordinamenta et consuetudo maris amalfian laws hanseatic league features fishing illegal fisheries law maritime transport shipping ferry cargo freight shipbuilding merchant marine cargo ship passenger ship mortgage registration marine insurance act of god cargo collision general average seaworthiness total loss maritime security letter of marque drugs piracy pollution smuggling wartime prizes contract of carriage charterparty affreightment agency barratry bill of lading brokerage chartering consignment demurrage commercial invoice laytime maritime lien manifest packing list proof of delivery law of salvage incoterms waybill parties agent factor freight forwarder captain master the captain goes down with the ship carrier charterer freight company manager consignee consignor principal owner seaman mutiny stevedore judiciaries admiralty court vice admiralty court international organizations international maritime organization comité maritime international london maritime arbitrators association international association of classification societies lloyd s register international conventions hague visby rules hamburg rules rotterdam rules maritime labour convention international convention on salvage unclos solas convention marpol convention ballast water management convention anti fouling convention international convention on load lines colreg sar convention athens convention fai convention international codes imdg code ism code isps code polar code igc code ibc code tdc code is code international grain code imsbc code inf code law portal outline lists index category v t e shipbuilding shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels in modern times it normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard shipbuilders also called shipwrights follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history until recently with the development of complex non maritime technologies during the industrial revolution a ship has often represented the most advanced structure that the society building it could produce 1 ch1 some key industrial advances were developed to support shipbuilding for instance the sawing of timbers by mechanical saws propelled by windmills in dutch shipyards during the first half of the 17th century a 2 34 37 the design process saw the early adoption of the logarithm invented in 1615 to generate the curves used to produce the shape of a hull especially when scaling up these curves accurately in the mould loft 1 shipbuilding and ship repairs both commercial and military are referred to as naval engineering the construction of boats is a similar activity called boat building the dismantling of ships is called ship breaking the earliest evidence of maritime transport by modern humans is the settlement of australia between 50 000 and 60 000 years ago this almost certainly involved rafts possibly equipped with some sort of sail 3 29 33 much of the development beyond that raft technology occurred in the nursery areas of the mediterranean and in maritime southeast asia favoured by warmer waters and a number of inter visible islands boats and later ships with water tight hulls unlike the flow through structure of a raft could be developed 4 113 5 7 63 the ships of ancient egypt were built by joining the hull planks together edge to edge with tenons set in mortices cut in the mating edges a similar technique but with the tenons being pinned in position by dowels was used in the mediterranean for most of classical antiquity both these variants are shell first techniques where any reinforcing frames are inserted after assembly of the planking has defined the hull shape 5 81 88 carvel construction then took over in the mediterranean northern europe used clinker construction but with some flush planked ship building in for instance the bottom planking of cogs 1 ch4 the north european and mediterranean traditions merged in the late 15th century with carvel construction being adopted in the north and the centre line mounted rudder replacing the quarter rudder of the mediterranean these changes broadly coincided with improvements in sailing rigs with the three masted ship becoming common with square sails on the fore and main masts and a fore and aft sail on the mizzen ship building then saw a steady improvement in design techniques and introduction of new materials iron was used for more than fastenings nails and bolts as structural components such as iron knees were introduced with examples existing in the mid 18th century and from the mid 19th century onwards this was partly led by the shortage of compass timber the naturally curved timber that meant that shapes could be cut without weaknesses caused by cuts across the grain of the timber 1 ch8 ultimately whole ships were made of iron and later steel history edit pre history edit the earliest known depictions including paintings and models of shallow water sailing boats is from the 6th to 5th millennium bc of the ubaid period of mesopotamia they were made from bundled reeds coated in bitumen and had bipod masts they sailed in shallow coastal waters of the persian gulf 6 4th millennium bc edit ancient egypt edit evidence from ancient egypt shows that the early egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull as early as 3100 bc egyptian pottery as old as 4000 bc shows designs of early fluvial boats or other means for navigation the archaeological institute of america reports 7 that some of the oldest ships yet unearthed are known as the abydos boats these are a group of 14 ships discovered in abydos that were constructed of wooden planks which were sewn together discovered by egyptologist david o connor of new york university 8 woven straps were found to have been used to lash the planks together 7 and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams 7 because the ships are all buried together and near a mortuary belonging to pharaoh khasekhemwy 8 originally they were all thought to have belonged to him but one of the 14 ships dates to 3000 bc 8 and the associated pottery jars buried with the vessels also suggest earlier dating 8 the ship dating to 3000 bc was about 75 feet 23 m long 8 and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh 8 according to professor o connor the 5 000 year old ship may have even belonged to pharaoh aha 8 austronesia edit typical austronesian ship designs left to right hōkūleʻa a replica polynesian voyaging catamaran with crab claw sails filipino double outrigger trimaran paraw with a crab claw sail a melanesian single outrigger tepukei with a forward mounted crab claw sail from the solomon islands nur al marege an indonesian replica of a padewakang with tanja sails waka narrow māori war canoes propelled by paddling the austronesian expansion which began c 3000 bc with migration from taiwan to the island of luzon in the philippines spread across island southeast asia then between 1500 bc and 1500 ad they settled uninhabited islands of the pacific and also sailed westward to madagascar this is associated with distinctive maritime technology lashed lug construction techniques both in outrigger canoes and in large planked sailing vessels various types of outrigger and twin hulled canoes and a range of sailing rigs that included the crab claw sail the origins of this technology is difficult to date relying largely on linguistics studying the words for parts of boats the written comments of people from other cultures including the observations of european explorers at the time of first contact and the later more systematic ethnographic observations of the types of craft in use there is only a small body of archaeological evidence available since island southeast asia contained effective maritime transport between its very large number of islands long before austronesian seafaring it is argued that austronesians adopted an existing maritime technology from the existing inhabitants of this region 9 50 64 10 85 88 11 487 488 generalized diagram cross section of lashed lug planking in butuan boat two clark et al 1993 12 austronesian ships varied from simple canoes to large multihull ships the simplest form of all ancestral austronesian boats had five parts the bottom part consists of a single piece of hollowed out log at the sides were two planks and two horseshoe shaped wood pieces formed the prow and stern these were fitted tightly together edge to edge with dowels inserted into holes in between and then lashed to each other with ropes made from rattan or fiber wrapped around protruding lugs on the planks this characteristic and ancient austronesian boatbuilding practice is known as the lashed lug technique they were commonly caulked with pastes made from various plants as well as tapa bark and fibres which would expand when wet further tightening joints and making the hull watertight they formed the shell of the boat which was then reinforced by horizontal ribs shipwrecks of austronesian ships can be identified from this construction as well as the absence of metal nails austronesian ships traditionally had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one side 10 13 14 15 16 construction of the naga pelangi in 2004 a malaysian pinas using traditional austronesian edge dowelled techniques note the protruding dowels on the upper edges of the planks and the fiber caulking in the seams austronesians traditionally made their sails from woven mats of the resilient and salt resistant pandanus leaves these sails allowed austronesians to embark on long distance voyaging 17 18 the ancient champa of vietnam also uniquely developed basket hulled boats whose hulls were composed of woven and resin caulked bamboo either entirely or in conjunction with plank strakes they range from small coracles the o thúng to large ocean going trading ships like the ghe mành 19 20 3rd millennium bc edit ancient egypt edit early egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together using pitch for caulking the seams the khufu ship a 43 6 meter vessel sealed into a pit in the giza pyramid complex at the foot of the great pyramid of giza in the fourth dynasty around 2500 bc is a full size surviving example which may have fulfilled the symbolic function of a solar barque early egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with mortise and tenon joints 7 ancient india edit the oldest known tidal dock in the world was built around 2500 bc during the harappan civilisation at lothal near the present day mangrol harbour on the gujarat coast in india other ports were probably at kot bala and dwarka however it is probable that many small scale ports and not massive ports were used for the harappan maritime trade 21 ships from the harbour at these ancient port cities established trade with mesopotamia 22 full citation needed shipbuilding and boatmaking may have been prosperous industries in ancient india 23 native labourers may have manufactured the flotilla of boats used by alexander the great to navigate across the hydaspes and even the indus under nearchos 23 full citation needed the indians also exported teak for shipbuilding to ancient persia 24 other references to indian timber used for shipbuilding is noted in the works of ibn jubayr 24 2nd millennium bc edit succession of forms in the development of the austronesian boat 25 mediterranean edit the ships of ancient egypt s eighteenth dynasty were typically about 25 meters 80 ft in length and had a single mast sometimes consisting of two poles lashed together at the top making an a shape they mounted a single square sail on a yard with an additional spar along the bottom of the sail these ships could also be oar propelled 26 the ocean and sea going ships of ancient egypt were constructed with cedar wood most likely hailing from lebanon 27 the ships of phoenicia seem to have been of a similar design 1st millennium bc edit austronesia edit austronesians established the austronesian maritime trade network at around 1000 to 600 bc linking southeast asia with east asia south asia the middle east and later east africa the route later became part of the spice trade network and the maritime silk road 28 29 obsolete source 25 china edit the naval history of china stems back to the spring and autumn period 722 481 bc of the ancient chinese zhou dynasty the chinese built large rectangular barges known as castle ships which were essentially floating fortresses complete with multiple decks with guarded ramparts however the chinese vessels during this era were essentially fluvial riverine true ocean going chinese fleets did not appear until the 10th century song dynasty 30 20 21 31 32 mediterranean edit there is considerable knowledge regarding shipbuilding and seafaring in the ancient mediterranean 33 1st millennium ad edit austronesia edit one of the javanese borobudur ships c 778 850 ad depicting a typical austronesian ship with tanja sails and double outriggers large multi masted seafaring ships of southeast asian austronesians first started appearing in chinese records during the han dynasty as the k un lun po or kunlun bo ship of the k un lun dark skinned southern people 34 these ships used two types of sail of their invention the junk sail and tanja sail large ships are about 50 60 metres 164 197 ft long had 5 2 7 8 metres 17 26 ft tall freeboard 35 each carrying provisions enough for a year 36 464 and could carry 200 1000 people the chinese recorded that these southeast asian ships were hired for passage to south asia by chinese buddhist pilgrims and travelers because they did not build seaworthy ships of their own until around the 8 9th century ad 31 276 illustration of a djong large javanese trading vessel extant until 17th century ad shown with the characteristic tanja sail of southeast asian austronesians vessels like these became the basis of southern chinese junks austronesians especially from western island southeast asia were trading in the indian ocean as far as africa during this period by around 50 to 500 ad a group of austronesians believed to be from the southeastern coasts of borneo possibly a mixed group related to the modern ma anyan banjar and or the daya...