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site of mushrik is muwahhid d etymology edit the word shirk comes from the arabic root sh r k ش ر ك with the general meaning of to share 11 e in the context of the quran the particular sense of sharing as an equal partner is usually understood so that polytheism means attributing a partner to god in the quran shirk and the related word mushrikūn مشركون those who commit shirk and plot against islam often refer to the enemies of islam as in al tawbah verses 9 1 15 13 9 1 15 though there is no equal in the english language 14 911 quran edit according to the encyclopaedia of islam 2nd edition the quran states twice in an nisa verses 48 and 116 that god can forgive all sins save one shirk 15 indeed allah does not forgive associating others with him but forgives anything else of whoever he wills and whoever associates others with allah has indeed committed a grave sin q4 48 16 islamic commentators on the quran have emphasized that a number of pre islamic arabian deities and jinn most notably the three goddesses manat al lat and al uzza mentioned in the surah an najm were considered associates of god 17 entities worshipped besides god are called shurakāʾ arabic شُرَكَاء 18 41 19 77 after judgement day they will be cast into jahannam hell along with devils fallen angels and evil jinn 18 41 to whom the polytheists are said to sacrifice in order to gain protection charles adams writes that the quran reproaches the people of the book with kufr for rejecting muhammad s message when they should have been the first to accept it as possessors of earlier revelations and singles out christians for disregarding the evidence of god s unity 20 the quranic verse al ma idah 5 73 21 5 73 certainly they disbelieve kafara who say god is the third of three among other verses has been traditionally understood in islam as rejection of the christian trinity doctrine 22 but modern scholarship has suggested alternative interpretations note 1 other quranic verses strongly deny the divinity of jesus the son of mary and reproach the people who treat jesus as equal with god as disbelievers who will be doomed to eternal punishment in hell 23 24 the quran also does not recognise the attribute of jesus as the son of god or god himself but respects jesus as a prophet and messenger of god who was sent to children of israel 25 some muslim thinkers such as mohamed talbi have viewed the most extreme quranic presentations of the dogmas of the trinity and divinity of jesus al ma idah 5 19 5 75 76 5 119 21 as non christian formulas which were rejected by the christian church as well 26 cyril glasse criticises the use of kafirun sing kafir to describe christians as a loose usage clarification needed 27 according to the encyclopaedia of islam traditional islamic jurisprudence has ahl al kitab being usually regarded more leniently than other kuffar pl of kafir and in theory a muslim commits a punishable offense if he says to a jew or a christian thou unbeliever 28 historically people of the book permanently residing under islamic rule were entitled to a special status known as dhimmi and those who were visiting muslim lands received a different status known as musta min 28 in the quran jews and christians though accused of believing in shared divinity by asserting lineage between god and ezra or jesus respectively are not described as mushrik 29 the term is reserved for pre islamic beliefs that associated partners with god nonetheless medieval muslim philosophers identified belief in the trinity with shirk associationism by limiting the infinity of god by associating his divinity with physical existence 30 theological interpretation edit in a theological context one commits shirk by associating some lesser being with god allah the sin is committed if one imagines that there is another power associated with allah as a partner 31 it is stated in the quran allah forgives not that partners should be set up with him but he forgives anything else to whom he pleases to set up partners with allah is to devise a sin most heinous indeed quran an nisa 4 48 32 4 48 33 the term is often translated as polytheism but it is more complex than that 31 34 the term also implies that humans need to renounce claiming divine status for themselves by regarding themselves as better than others 34 besides worshipping only one god it also postulates that god must be considered as entirely unique and condemns anthropomorphization 34 shirk further implies that god s attributes cannot be associated with any other entity or that any other entity can exist independent from god 33 at the same time shirk contains additional assumptions not entailed by the concept of idolatry and does not require a physical object of worship 35 forms of shirk edit shirk is classified into two categories 36 shirk al akbar arabic شِرْك ٱلْأَكْبَر romanized shirk al akbar lit greater shirk open and apparent shirk al asghar or al shirk al khafi arabic شِرْك ٱلْأَصْغَر romanized shirk al aṣghar lit lesser shirk concealed or hidden it is when people perform the necessary rituals not for god but for the sake of others including social recognition 36 hidden shirk might be unwitting yet punishable although to a lesser extent than greater forms of shirk 33 ash shirk al akbar edit ash shirk al akbar arabic الشرك الأكبر is defined as the most major type of open association it has been described in four forms shirk ad du a edit shirk ad du a arabic شِرْكُ الدُّعَاءِ is when on invokates supplicates or prays to anyone other and god alone 14 912 3 the quran says in al ankabut v 65 if they happen to be aboard a ship caught in a storm they cry out to allah alone in sincere devotion but as soon as he delivers them safely to shore they associate others with him once again mustafa khattab the clear quran shirk al niyyah wal irada wal qasd edit shirk al niyyah wal irada wal qasd arabic الشرك في النية والإرادة والقصد is when one has the intention purpose and determination to perform an act of worship or good deed for the sake of other deities than god 14 913 shirk at ta a edit shirk at ta a arabic شرك الطاعة is when one obeys any other religious authority against the orders of god 14 913 regarding this the quran says in at tawbah v 31 they have taken their rabbis and monks as well as the messiah son of mary as lords besides allah even though they were commanded to worship none but one god there is no god worthy of worship except him glorified is he above what they associate with him mustafa khattab the clear quran shirk al muhabbah edit shirk al muhabbah arabic شرك المحبة is when shows love to others which is due to god 14 913 this is seen in al baqarah v 165 still there are some who take others as allah s equal they love them as they should love allah but the true believers love allah even more if only the wrongdoers could see the horrible punishment awaiting them they would certainly realize that all power belongs to allah and that allah is indeed severe in punishment mustafa khattab the clear quran shirk al asghar edit shirk al asghar arabic شرك الأصغر may be committed by one who professes tawhid but for the sake of others one who offers the ritual prayers in an ostentatious way is a polytheist one who keeps the fast or gives alms or performs the hajj to show the public his righteousness or to earn good name is a polytheist sayyed qasim mujtaba moosavi kamoonpuri 8 mahmud ibn lubayd reported allah s messenger said the thing i fear for you the most is ash shirk al asghar the companions asked o messenger of allah what is that he replied ar riya showing off for verily allah will say on the day of resurrection when people are receiving their rewards go to those for whom you were showing off in the material world and see if you can find any reward from them mahmud ibn lubayd also said the prophet came out and announced o people beware of secret shirk the people asked o messenger of allah what is secret shirk he replied when a man gets up to pray and strives to beautify his prayer because people are looking at him that is secret shirk umar ibn al khattab narrated that muhammad said whoever swears by other than allah has committed an act of kufr or shirk graded hasan by al tirmidhi and saheeh by al hakim according to ibn mas ud one of muhammad s companions said that i should swear by allah upon a lie is more preferable to me than that i should swear by another upon the truth 37 sufism edit according to sufi teachings to avoid hidden shirk al shirk al khafi it is necessary to focus solely on god and give up one s own will 38 some sufi scholars even go so far as to describe a belief in free will as a form of shirk according to such an uncompromising view beliefs usually accommodated within monotheism such as that in a personal devil rather than the unregenerate self deficient in god as the source of evil or a belief in the concept of free will are regarded as beliefs in creative powers other than i e standing beside external to god and are thus equated with shirk 39 abdullah ansari describes the highest stage of tawhid a human can possess when the mind becomes fully immersed in the presence of god and understand how all things are put into their proper places 40 in sufism every action done with an expectation of reward either in this world or in the hereafter is considered an act of shirk despite that this level of shirk does not entail disbelief or require repeating the action to follow islam s legal prescriptions sufis work on purification until their thoughts are not dominated by any desire except the pure love of god which results in pure actions of worship citation needed salafism and wahhabism edit muhammad ibn abd al wahhab founder of the wahhabi movement classified shirk into three main categories 41 however ibn taymiyya is considered to have been the spiritual founder of this distinction 30 42 106 tawhid al rububiyyah lordship the verbal profession that god allah is the sole creator and ruler over the world 41 tawhid al asma wa s sifat names and attributes accepting the attributes of god as written in the quran without interpretation 41 tawhid al ibada servitude the commitment of religious or spiritual duties to god without intermediaries and that religious or spiritual practises must be limited to islamic sources 43 41 for abd al wahhab tawhid al ibada was the decisive factor to determine the identity of a muslim and also the execution of tawhid al rububiyyah muslims who violated his interpretation of tawhid al ibada were considered to be associators mushrikūn and unbelievers kāfirūn 41 building on the legacy of abdl wahhab in the writings of islamist writers sayyid qutb al mawdudu and abu muhammad al maqdisi interprete adherences to human made laws as shirk 35 religious pluralism edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information december 2024 the worship of another god besides the islamic god poses a form of shirk but whether a foreign deity even beyond the abrahamic religions can be identified with the islamic god is answered variously the supreme deity of the turks and mongols was also frequently identified with the islamic god 44 45 likewise some muslim authors identified brahman with allah however such identifications were less likely to be universally accepted and also frequently challenged 44 amir khusrau 1253 1325 an iconic scholar of the delhi sultanate shows approval of the brahmins and even favor over jews and christians since they would not attribute a form or a child to god but even if they use stones and celestial bodies as direction of prayers affirm that god does not bear likeness to any of this 46 according to the hanbali scholar al jawzi 1116 1201 the tawhid of the brahmins is immaculate their unbelief consists in the rejection of prophets and performance of rituals without divine sanction 47 al biruni scholar and polymath during the islamic golden age and credited as an early anthropologist argues that although the common people of india worship idols the educated people would be entirely free from worshipping anything but god alone 46 besides the number of inclusive reception most jurists fuqaha such as muslim heresiographer al shahrastani consider them to be polytheists but nevertheless most scholars granted them the status of a dhimmi 46 see also edit islam portal general links edit glossary of islam outline of islam index of islam related articles islam and blasphemy islamic schools and branches islamic view of the trinity pre islamic arabia religion in pre islamic arabia list of pre islamic arabian deities manat al lat al uzza terms edit haram zandaqa kafir munafiq shahada taghut notes edit that this verse criticizes a deviant form of trinitarian belief which overstressed distinctiveness of the three persons at the expense of their unity modern scholars have also interpreted it as a reference to jesus who was often called the third of three in syriac literature and as an intentional over simplification of christian doctrine intended to highlight its weakness from a strictly monotheistic perspective 22 these translations have been criticized by nicolai sinai as inaccurate according to him the terms idolatry and polytheism have a narrow definition of worshipping images betraying the quranic meaning in the quran those who commit shirk may place an idol but the sin itself consists of associating something with god 4 arabic مُشْرِك romanized mushrik lit associator pl مُشْرِكُون mushrikūn arabic تَوْحِيد romanized tawḥīd lit monotheism arabic مُوَحِّد romanized muwaḥḥid lit monotheist pl مُوَحِّدُون muwaḥḥidūn the term must not be confused with the english verb to shirk meaning to avoid which is of quite separate origin possibly derived from the german word for knave or rogue scharke 12 references edit mahmoud mohamed a 1 february 2015 quest for divinity a critical examination of the thought of mahmud muhammad taha syracuse university press p 208 isbn 978 0 8156 3115 6 retrieved 23 april 2026 nonbelief an islamic perspective surah luqman verse 13 31 13 لقمان quran o qurano com retrieved 2021 05 03 sinai nicolai key terms of the qur an a critical dictionary 2023 1 840 gimaret d 2012 s̲h̲irk in bearman p bianquis th bosworth c e van donzel e heinrichs w p eds encyclopaedia of islam 2nd ed brill doi 10 1163 1573 3912_islam_sim_6965 glassé cyril smith huston 2003 01 01 shirk the new encyclopedia of islam rowman altamira p 429 isbn 9780759101906 shirk encyclopædia britannica 1 2 3 kamoonpuri s basic beliefs of islam pages 42 58 tanzania printers limited 2001 forgiveness for shirk the meaning of the verse is that whoever dies while a mushrik polytheist allah will not forgive him and he will surely be punished for this sin i e he will remain in hell fire forever as for the person who repents allah forgives his previous shirk cenap çakmak islam a worldwide encyclopedia abc clio 2017 isbn 978 1 610 69217 5 p 1450 a a nadwi vocabulary of the quran harper douglas shirk verb online etymology dic...