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shockley semiconductor laboratory wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 shockley s return to california 2 shockley diodes 3 traitorous eight 4 awards and recognition 5 shockley building history 6 see also 7 references 8 external links toggle the table of contents shockley semiconductor laboratory 11 languages català deutsch español suomi français 日本語 한국어 português русский oʻzbekcha ўзбекча 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 37 24 18 n 122 06 39 w 37 4049544 n 122 1109664 w 37 4049544 122 1109664 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia early semiconductor company shockley transistor corporation formerly shockley semiconductor laboratory type public industry semiconductors founded 1955 71 years ago 1955 founders william shockley defunct 1968 1968 citation needed fate acquired by clevite headquarters 391 san antonio road mountain view california united states area served worldwide products four layer diode number of employees 9 000 parent beckman instruments 1955 1960 1 clevite 1960 1968 itt 1968 the original shockley building at 391 san antonio road mountain view california was a produce market in 2006 and has since been demolished the 391 san antonio road mountain view site of the shockley semiconductor laboratory in dec 2017 the new project being completed here includes a display of sculptures of packaged semiconductors including a 2n696 transistor a shockley 4 layer diode and another diode standing above the sidewalk seen at the left here facebook s building 391 at the site of the shockley semiconductor laboratory in mountain view california pre dawn view from the hyatt centric hotel shockley semiconductor laboratory later known as shockley transistor corporation was a pioneering semiconductor developer founded by william shockley and funded by beckman instruments inc in 1955 2 it was the first high technology company in what came to be known as silicon valley to work on silicon based semiconductor devices in 1957 the eight leading scientists resigned and became the core of what would later become fairchild semiconductor shockley semiconductor never recovered from this departure 3 it was purchased by clevite in 1960 then sold to itt in 1968 and shortly after officially closed 3 shockley s return to california edit william shockley received his undergraduate degree from caltech and moved east to complete his phd at mit with a focus on physics he graduated in 1936 and immediately went to work at bell labs through the 1930s and 40s he worked on electron devices and increasingly with semiconductor materials pioneering the field of solid state electronics this led to the 1947 creation of the first transistor in partnership with john bardeen walter brattain and others through the early 1950s a series of events led to shockley becoming increasingly upset with bell s management and especially what he saw as a slighting when bell promoted bardeen and brattain s names ahead of his own on the transistor s patent however others that worked with him suggested the reason for these issues was shockley s abrasive management style and it was this reason that he was constantly passed over for promotion within the company these issues came to a head in 1953 and he took a sabbatical and returned to caltech as a visiting professor shockley struck up a friendship with arnold orville beckman who had invented the ph meter in 1934 shockley had become convinced that the natural capabilities of silicon meant it would eventually replace germanium as the primary material for transistor construction texas instruments had recently started production of silicon transistors in 1954 and shockley thought he could create a superior product beckman agreed to back shockley s efforts in this area under the umbrella of his company beckman instruments however shockley wanted to live closer to his mother who lived in palo alto 4 5 shockley set about recruiting his first four phd physicists william w happ 6 who had previously worked on semiconductor devices at raytheon 7 george smoot horsley and leopoldo b valdes from bell labs and richard victor jones a recent berkeley graduate 7 the shockley semiconductor laboratory opened for business in a small commercial lot in nearby mountain view in 1956 initially he tried to hire more of his former workers from bell labs but they were reticent to leave the east coast then the center of most high tech research instead he assembled a team of young scientists and engineers some from other parts of bell laboratories and set about designing a new type of crystal growth system that could produce single crystal silicon boules at that time a difficult prospect given silicon s high melting point shockley diodes edit a sidewalk schematic diagram with component sculptures in front of the original location of the shockley semiconductor laboratory at 391 san antonio road mountain view california the 2n696 transistor and the shockley four layer diode behind it are parts of an oscillator circuit 8 while work on the transistors continued shockley hit upon the idea of using a four layer device transistors are three that would have the novel quality of locking into the on or off state with no further control inputs similar circuits required several transistors typically three so for large switching networks the new diodes would greatly reduce complexity 9 10 the four layer diode is now called the shockley diode building and replicating the four layer diode proved to be a complicated task and his colleagues argued that the project was too risky for a beginner company to invest their time and resources into instead the other workers wanted to quickly produce a reliable product like a three layer diode before focusing on more difficult tasks such as this shockley became convinced that the new device would be just as important as the transistor and kept the entire project secret even within the company this led to increasingly paranoid behavior in one famed incident he was convinced that a secretary s cut finger was a plot to injure him and ordered lie detector tests on everyone in the company this was combined with shockley s vacillating management of the projects sometimes he felt that getting the basic transistors into immediate production was paramount and would de emphasize the shockley diode project in order to make the perfect production system this upset many of the employees and mini rebellions became commonplace 11 traitorous eight edit main article traitorous eight eventually a group of the youngest employees julius blank victor grinich jean hoerni eugene kleiner jay last gordon moore robert noyce and sheldon roberts went over shockley s head to arnold beckman demanding that shockley be replaced beckman initially appeared to agree with their demands but over time made a series of decisions that supported shockley fed up the group broke ranks and sought support from fairchild camera and instrument an eastern u s company with considerable military contracts in 1957 fairchild semiconductor was started with plans for making silicon transistors shockley called the young scientists the traitorous eight and said they would never be successful 12 13 the eight later left fairchild and started companies of their own over a period of 20 years 65 different companies were started by 1st or 2nd generation teams that traced their origins in silicon valley to shockley semiconductor 14 in 2014 tech crunch revisited don hoefler s 1971 article claiming 92 public companies of 130 descendant listed firms were then worth over us 2 1 trillion they also claimed over 2 000 companies could be traced back to fairchild s eight co founders 15 awards and recognition edit the shockley semiconductor laboratory has been honored with two ieee milestones recognizing its efforts in engineering one plaque marks the lab as the birthplace of silicon valley 1956 the other celebrates the work done by gordon e moore in the lab which led to what is known as moore s law 16 shockley building history edit 391 san antonio road mountain view is an address that has housed a few notable clients of interest after shockley semiconductor labs the company s headquarters building was repurposed as a retail store and by 2015 plans were made to demolish the site to develop a new building complex by 2017 the site was redeveloped with new signage marking it as the real birthplace of silicon valley 17 see also edit thyristor a concept first proposed by william shockley references edit shockley s historic semiconductor laboratory honored with two ieee milestones ieee university of lahore on shockley semiconductor www pbs org 1999 retrieved 2022 01 28 1 2 the traitorous eight and the rise of fairchild semiconductor news www allaboutcircuits com retrieved 2025 11 04 holding on new york times april 6 2008 retrieved 2014 12 07 in 1955 the physicist william shockley set up a semiconductor laboratory in mountain view partly to be near his mother in palo alto two views of innovation colliding in washington new york times january 13 2008 retrieved 2014 12 07 the co inventor of the transistor and the founder of the valley s first chip company william shockley moved to palo alto calif because his mother lived there shurkin joel n 2006 broken genius the rise and fall of william shockley creator of the electronic age palgrave macmillan pp 168 169 isbn 0230552293 1 2 brock david c r victor jones transcript of an interview pdf chemical heritage foundation oral history program chemical heritage foundation pp 11 13 23 archived from the original pdf on 28 july 2021 retrieved 28 july 2021 birthplace of the silicon valley pdf archived from the original pdf on 2019 01 16 kurt hubner the four layer diode in the cradle of silicon valley archived 2007 02 19 at the wayback machine electrochemical society proceedings volume 98 1 transistor museum photo gallery shockley diode 4 layertransistor semiconductormuseum com 3 march 1995 gerald w brock 2003 the second information revolution harvard university press p 88 isbn 978 0 674 01178 6 david plotz 2006 the genius factory the curious history of the nobel prize sperm bank random house digital p 90 isbn 978 0 8129 7052 4 a legal bridge spanning 100 years from the gold mines of el dorado to the golden startups of silicon valley by gregory gromov rhett morris july 26 2014 the first trillion dollar startup tech crunch retrieved february 22 2019 institute the 2018 08 28 shockley s historic semiconductor laboratory honored with two ieee milestones ieee region 8 today retrieved 2025 11 04 ieee pdf archived from the original pdf on 2018 07 07 external links edit interview with adolf goetzberger a shockley alumnus hired after mass resignations from shockley semiconductor video about 391 san antonio road and the traitorous eight v t e mountain view california education primary and secondary schools mountain view whisman school district gabriela mistral elementary school los altos school district mountain view los altos union high school district mountain view high school german international school of silicon valley saint francis high school yew chung international school of silicon valley other education st joseph s college closed other neighborhoods blossom valley castro city cuernavaca cuesta park dutch haven eastern varsity park gemello greater san antonio jackson park martens carmelita moffett boulevard monta loma north whisman old mountain view rex manor mountain shadows shoreline west slater st francis acres stierlin estates sylvan park wagon wheel waverly park whisman station willowgate landmarks computer history museum googleplex historic adobe building mountain view center for the performing arts rengstorff house shockley semiconductor laboratory shoreline amphitheatre shoreline park saint joseph parish transportation mountain view station moffett federal airfield history timeline authority control databases international viaf national united states 37 24 18 n 122 06 39 w 37 4049544 n 122 1109664 w 37 4049544 122 1109664 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title shockley_semiconductor_laboratory oldid 1361965449 categories history of silicon valley defunct semiconductor companies of the united states fabless semiconductor companies companies based in silicon valley technology companies based in the san francisco bay area companies based in mountain view california computer related introductions in 1956 american companies established in 1956 electronics companies established in 1956 manufacturing companies established in 1956 manufacturing companies disestablished in 1968 1956 establishments in california 1968 disestablishments in california defunct manufacturing companies based in the san francisco bay area hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from october 2025 webarchive template wayback links pages using gadget wikiminiatlas coordinates on wikidata this page was last edited on 1 july 2026 at 03 24 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and 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