Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

and, morphology, order, number, shoshoni, language, contents, classification, dialects, status, phonology, syntax, writing, system, see, also, references, external, links, vowels, consonants, syllable, structure, stress, phonological, processes, nouns, verbs, word, subordination, absolutive, suffixes, case, derivational, instrumental, prefixes, constituent, relative, clauses, switch, reference,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (246), #shoshoni (100), and (88), #language (67), with (38), for (37), are (31), languages (30), edit (30), shoshone (26), from (25), nahuatl (22), university (21), subject (21), idaho (20), retrieved (19), verb (19), 2012 (17), case (17), clause (16), utah (15), that (15), number (15), numic (14), when (14), suffix (14), noun (14), stress (14), aztecan (13), state (13), relative (13), order (13), this (12), northern (12), uto (12), system (12), suffixes (12), long (12), other (11), august (11), also (11), but (11), main (11), have (11), vowels (11), may (10), short (10), western (10), crum (10), first (10), which (10), not (10), word (10), was (9), american (9), see (9), newe (9), clauses (9), form (9), syllable (9), nouns (9), vowel (9), mora (9), wikipedia (8), southern (8), program (8), miller (8), example (8), instrumental (8), object (8), dual (8), absolutive (8), has (8), indigenous (7), native (7), 2018 (7), used (7), takes (7), objective (7), occur (7), these (7), instance (7), singular (7), plural (7), neme (7), about (6), non (6), links (6), united (6), states (6), river (6), central (6), timbisha (6), gosiute (6), wyoming (6), project (6), press (6), reference (6), writing (6), there (6), possessive (6), head (6), verbs (6), morphology (6), spoken (6), ta̲i̲kwappe (6), toggle (5), page (5), july (5), ipa (5), ethnologue (5), nevada (5), paiute (5), indicate (5), eastern (5), online (5), common (5), words (5), archived (5), original (5), boise (5), april (5), 2013 (5), phonology (5), family (5), who (5), its (5), speakers (5), subordinate (5), marked (5), pronoun (5), switch (5), events (5), both (5), however (5), stem (5), prefixes (5), sentence (5), his (5), can (5), part (5), final (5), devoiced (5), primary (5), people (5), dialects (5), contents (4), search (4), available (4), use (4), revitalization (4), english (4), extinct (4), proto (4), comanche (4), bannock (4), dictionary (4), game (4), beverly (4), anthropology (4), linguistics (4), grammar (4), preserve (4), world (4), more (4), symbols (4), all (4), eating (4), nɨhɨn (4), deleted (4), aspect (4), same (4), subordination (4), depending (4), sentences (4), one (4), person (4), nɨwɨ (4), typical (4), hand (4), derived (4), between (4), stops (4), nasals (4), thus (4), few (4), phonological (4), second (4), been (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), table (3), view (3), contact (3), additional (3), you (3), agree (3), wikimedia (3), foundation (3), pages (3), plain (3), articles (3), only (3), different (3), category (3), italics (3), list (3), history (3), puebla (3), tepehuan (3), translated (3), john (3), wind (3), reservation (3), video (3), free (3), dayley (3), jon (3), papers (3), cultural (3), isbn (3), wick (3), written (3), school (3), classes (3), center (3), indian (3), youth (3), unesco (3), atlas (3), gould (3), 2007 (3), woman (3), linguist (3), surface (3), lacks (3), orthography (3), specific (3), older (3), narrative (3), appears (3), our (3), present (3), fish (3), tastes (3), rotten (3), unmarked (3), include (3), particular (3), constituent (3), morphemes (3), mother (3), killed (3), hot (3), badger (3), syntax (3), body (3), through (3), reduplication (3), becomes (3), suppleted (3), derivational (3), suffixing (3), root (3), subjective (3), many (3), markers (3), regular (3), affricates (3), voiced (3), devoicing (3), consonant (3), syllables (3), processes (3), counting (3), bears (3), children (3), fluent (3), 000 (3), classified (3), changes (3), aridoamerica (3), sosoni (3), ta̲i̲kwappeh (3), article (3), tools (3), subsection (3), add (2), privacy (2), policy (2), text (2), terms (2), using (2), commons (2), last (2), 2026 (2), categories (2), containing (2), subscription (2), content (2), description (2), wikidata (2), north (2), great (2), basin (2), southwestern (2), agglutinative (2), spanish (2), immigrant (2), isolate (2), colorado (2), huasteca (2), open (2), source (2), audio (2), introductory (2), portions (2), wiktionary (2), external (2), 2014 (2), hupia (2), occasional (2), monographs (2), volume (2), department (2), salt (2), lake (2), city (2), december (2), learn (2), down (2), shaul (2), david (2), national (2), science (2), survey (2), charter (2), fort (2), hall (2), deseret (2), news (2), offer (2), com (2), 2009 (2), edition (2), npr (2), their (2), 2010 (2), november (2), keep (2), goshute (2), apprenticeship (2), elders (2), tribe (2), culture (2), preservation (2), introduction (2), still (2), strong (2), danger (2), mclaughlin (2), january (2), drusilla (2), loether (2), christopher (2), oclc (2), edinburgh (2), references (2), dictionaries (2), developed (2), elder (2), commonly (2), phonetic (2), pronunciations (2), phonemic (2), information (2), t͡s (2), underlying (2), phonemes (2), two (2), better (2), make (2), among (2), whether (2), simultaneously (2), over (2), happened (2), sunni (2), naaku (2), kkan (2), aitɨn (2), painkwi (2), tɨkkanna (2), pitsikkammanna (2), mark (2), tense (2), nominative (2), they (2), ppɨh (2), tend (2), must (2), crying (2), tɨn (2), ippɨ (2), yakaitɨn (2), any (2), secondary (2), basic (2), follows (2), unstressed (2), grammatical (2), usɨ (2), pii (2), being (2), express (2), uses (2), coreferential (2), context (2), him (2), paikkahkwa (2), pɨnnan (2), cont (2), ɨtɨinna (2), without (2), indirect (2), direct (2), bone (2), dog (2), hollering (2), sakkuhtɨn (2), paittsɨkkinna (2), hunanna (2), puinnu (2), instrument (2), grasping (2), fist (2), back (2), front (2), element (2), often (2), suppletion (2), reduplicated (2), stems (2), characterized (2), power (2), degree (2), based (2), nɨɨn (2), optionally (2), three (2), pin (2), compound (2), followed (2), several (2), primarily (2), nasal (2), lenited (2), preceded (2), affricate (2), become (2), brother (2), summer (2), papi (2), usually (2), here (2), examples (2), some (2), while (2), clusters (2), every (2), falls (2), tied (2), natsattamahkantɨn (2), instead (2), cvv (2), structure (2), inventory (2), consonants (2), aiː (2), high (2), always (2), contain (2), diphthong (2), southeastern (2), elementary (2), since (2), members (2), taught (2), century (2), early (2), threatened (2), severely (2), endangered (2), valley (2), status (2), region (2), northernmost (2), living (2), includes (2), mexico (2), classification (2), shoh (2), segobia (2), help (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, under, apply, site, registered, trademark, profit, organization, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, citing, mdy, dates, southwest, https, org, index, php, title, shoshoni_language, oldid, 1367078547, chinese, tagalog, washo, mojave, yuman, cochimi, french, german, kutenai, coeur, alene, salishan, sahaptin, nez, perce, plateau, nahuan, pochutec, pipil, tabasco, isthmus, orizaba, tehuacan, zongolica, sierra, auteco, caxcan, jalisco, durango, temascaltepec, coatepec, michoacán, chiapas, coahuila, ometepec, guerrero, tlaxcala, tetelcingo, morelos, classical, acaxee, mayo, yaqui, cahitan, opata, eudeve, opatan, tubar, tarahumara, huarijio, tarahumaran, coca, taracahitic, tepecano, pima, bajo, oʼodham, pimic, tepiman, zacatec, guachichil, huichol, cora, corachol, omomil, giamina, tübatulabal, hopi, nicoleño, luiseño, juaneño, cupeño, cahuilla, cupan, tongva, tataviam, kitanemuk, vanyume, serrano, serran, takic, kawaiisu, chemehuevi, ute, mono, olac, resources, via, itunesu, course, charles, lajoe, reverend, roberts, publisher, 1899, digitized, richard, mammana, book, prayer, swadesh, vocabulary, enee, incubator, test, relating, earl, 2001, logan, poetry, songs, 1997, texts, 1993, 978, 9639749, 1972, anthropological, natekwinappeh, stories, broncho, samuel, 2016, british, council, how, isn, 113, 112, leedom, cosgrove, liz, kifi, new, district, scienceblog, brundin, jenny, morning, ten, teens, study, guard, koepp, paul, helps, youths, alive, dunlap, tetona, february, wyofile, pass, teachers, turn, technology, october, 2011, catalog, going, after, years, academic, services, diversity, resource, september, 1992, counter, intuitive, solution, 181, 148250257, s2cid, 1086, ijal, 3519754, doi, 158, international, journal, aboutworldlanguages, summary, 2002, 50114343, 0874807301, dammen, da̲igwape, structures, wals, munich, lincom, europa, 793217272, 9783862883042, bauer, laurie, student, handbook, 18th, 2015, required, lewis, clark, expedition, sacagawea, everyday, newer, compared, spellings, closely, reflecting, deeper, provides, t͡ʃ, itts, tt͡s, tts, iht, hkw, kːʷ, kkw, a͡ɪ, a̲i̲, letter, 1960s, anthropologist, largely, mapping, reflects, sounds, necessarily, systems, traditionalists, advocate, oral, protected, outsiders, might, exploit, meanwhile, progressives, argue, will, useful, today, single, agreed, upon, multiple, orthographies, exist, differing, levels, acceptance, conflicting, views, should, exhibits, differs, such, combined, extended, amount, time, something, scary, came, them, happen, naa, wihyu, nɨnɨttsi, utɨɨkatti, tattɨkwa, kkanku, eat, action, nna, tɨkka, set, verbal, altogether, stative, momentaneous, perfect, future, kkwan, share, matches, arrived, where, cry, yakai, pitɨnuh, kkantɨn, valence, causative, benefactive, directional, prefinal, imperative, meaning, dependent, then, follow, excluding, overt, resulting, elsewhere, won, kill, own, friend, explicit, likewise, inferred, man, shoots, another, literally, acceptable, because, killer, clear, haintsɨha, kai, paikkawaihtɨn, weather, mandatory, component, therefore, impersonal, subjects, allowed, those, before, vice, versa, gave, take, satii, tsuhnippɨh, tsuhnippɨha, satiia, uttuhkwa, ditransitive, making, fuss, saw, sov, generic, tso, sharp, point, tsi, tsa, hard, rock, feet, mind, sun, cold, buttocks, voice, nose, heat, teeth, mouth, prefix, scrape, yield, wipe, wiped, eyes, pɨn, puihkatti, tottsimma, tottsima, tsima, mainly, come, remains, suppletive, forms, carry, frequently, work, tandem, run, fly, yoti, yoyoti, yɨtsɨ, nutaa, nunukki, nukki, hima, yaa, kima, kikimma, kimma, nominal, achieved, purpose, chair, sit, binoculars, characterization, derive, singer, song, shaman, puha, puhakantɨn, hupiakantɨn, kantɨn, pui, puinompɨh, katɨ, katɨnnompɨh, nompɨh, vary, zero, marker, possible, correspond, replaced, predicted, ttan, tta, nii, nihi, nɨwɨh, human, animate, listed, below, inflect, numbers, cases, accusative, ttsih, pai, mpih, pittsih, pittsɨh, ppɨ, unrelated, normally, dropped, postposition, incorporated, into, independent, willow, loses, gather, willows, correlation, seven, irregular, unpredictable, sɨhɨykwi, sɨhɨpin, especially, complex, strung, together, synthetic, intervocalic, cluster, antelope, wand͡zi, wantsi, pambi, pampi, remain, unvoiced, pekkḁxwa, fricatives, glides, tomorrow, iw̃aː, imaa, taza, tad͡za, tatsa, paβi, nasalized, representing, inorganic, preceding, jackrabbit, kamm̥u̥, kammu, unclustered, represent, organic, ate, tɨkkḁxwa, tɨkkahkwan, given, well, documented, rules, dialectical, variation, resets, border, need, stressed, undergo, optional, distributed, ending, morae, following, receives, transferred, continues, pattern, falling, ˈnazatˌtamaˌxandɨ, distinctive, specifically, tends, fall, ˈnazattamaxandɨ, made, fire, kotˈtoːxˌwa, kottoohkwa, roots, wing, kasa, dance, cvc, sleep, water, does, allow, onset, paa, ɨkkoi, nɨkka, semivowel, fricative, stop, lab, glottal, velar, palatal, coronal, bilabial, low, mid, rounded, unrounded, five, addition, functions, simple, varies, rather, freely, certain, others, rare, announced, would, chief, tahgee, academy, teaching, opened, blackfoot, known, sylap, held, featured, serve, interns, assisting, digitization, recordings, documentation, collection, materials, tribal, released, weekend, teaches, adults, active, digital, archiving, steven, greymorning, accelerated, acquisition, techniques, offers, intermediate, conversational, year, shosoni, complement, classroom, instruction, standing, speak, steadily, dwindling, late, 20th, 21st, hundred, thousand, population, know, communities, established, programs, teach, lists, notes, small, isolated, locations, tribes, interest, efforts, scattered, little, coordination, literacy, increasing, published, were, 1986, bible, duck, principal, differences, closest, relatives, panamint, near, considered, distinct, split, around, 1700, past, centuries, limited, mutual, intelligibility, death, california, belongs, subbranch, associated, historical, term, derives, cognates, denoting, dialect, nuwuβi, nuwuvi, nümü, nɨw̃ɨ, member, large, nearly, sixty, centered, branches, very, homeland, ancestor, likely, parts, south, america, salvador, snake, mean, respectively, although, attempts, underway, 176, endonyms, wide, range, appear, six, distinctions, including, underlyingly, each, distinguished, strongly, inflecting, distinguishes, relatively, shows, preference, toward, length, allophones, areas, branch, nee, country, proper, characters, guide, unicode, question, marks, boxes, rendering, support, contains, map, prior, european, elp, shos1248, glottolog, shh, iso, 639, codes, latin, shoshones, ethnicity, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, pdf, print, export, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, permanent, link, related, what, general, actions, talk, türkçe, తెలుగు, svenska, srpskohrvatski, српскохрватски, русский, português, piemontèis, македонски, lietuvių, 한국어, hrvatski, galego, français, español, deutsch, čeština, català, brezhoneg, беларуская, boarisch, top, personal, special, recent, community, portal, contribute, random, current, navigation, jump,

Text of the page (random words):
hus kammu kamm̥u̥ jackrabbit stops affricates and nasals are voiced and lenited between vowels the stops and affricate become voiced fricatives the nasals become nasalized glides thus papi paβi brother tatsa taza tad͡za summer and imaa iw̃aː tomorrow stops affricates and nasals are lenited but remain unvoiced when they are preceded by underlying h this h is deleted in the surface form thus paikkahkwa pekkḁxwa killed stops affricates and nasals are voiced when part of an intervocalic nasal cluster thus pampi pambi head and wantsi wand͡zi antelope morphology edit shoshoni is a synthetic agglutinative language in which words especially verbs tend to be complex with several morphemes strung together shoshoni is a primarily suffixing language nouns edit absolutive suffixes edit many nouns in shoshoni have an absolutive suffix unrelated to the absolutive case the absolutive suffix is normally dropped when the noun is the first element in a compound when the noun is followed by a suffix or postposition or when the noun is incorporated into a verb for instance the independent noun sɨhɨpin willow has the absolutive suffix pin the root loses this suffix in the form sɨhɨykwi to gather willows the correlation between any particular noun stem and which of the seven absolutive suffixes it has is irregular and unpredictable the absolutive suffixes are as follows 3 16 pin ppɨh ppɨ pittsih pittsɨh mpih pai ttsih number and case edit shoshoni is a nominative accusative language shoshoni nouns inflect for three cases subjective objective and possessive and for three numbers singular dual and plural number is marked by suffixes on all human nouns and optionally on other animate nouns the regular suffixes for number are listed in the table below the shoshoni singular is unmarked 3 26 number singular dual plural case subjective ø nɨwɨh nɨɨn objective ø nihi nii possessive ø nɨhɨn nɨɨn case is also marked by suffixes which vary depending on the noun subjective case is unmarked many nouns also have a zero objective case marker other possible objective markers are tta a and i these suffixes correspond with the possessive case markers n ttan or n an or n in western shoshoni this last suffix also appears as an in gosiute and is replaced by in in northern shoshoni these case markers can be predicted only to a degree based on phonology of the noun stem 3 27 derivational morphology edit nominal derivational morphology is also often achieved through suffixing for instance the instrumental suffix n nompɨh is used with verb stems to form nouns used for the purpose of the verb katɨnnompɨh chair is derived from katɨ sit puinompɨh binoculars is derived from pui see 3 17 the characterization suffix kantɨn be used with a root noun to derive a noun characterized by the root hupiakantɨn singer is derived from hupia song puhakantɨn shaman is derived from puha power as one characterized by power 3 18 verbs edit number edit shoshoni verbs may mark for number mainly through reduplication or suppletion the dual is commonly marked through reduplication of the first syllable of the verb stem so that singular kimma come becomes kikimma in the dual and remains kima in the plural a suppletive form is often used for the dual or plural forms of the verb for instance singular yaa carry becomes hima in both the dual and plural suppletion and reduplication frequently work in tandem to express number singular nukki run becomes the reduplicated nunukki in the dual and the suppleted nutaa in the plural singular yɨtsɨ fly is reduplicated suppleted dual yoyoti and suppleted plural yoti 3 39 instrumental prefixes edit shoshoni uses prefixes to add a specific instrumental element to a verb for instance the instrumental prefix to with the hand or fist can be used with the verb tsima scrape to yield tottsima wipe as in pɨn puihkatti tottsimma yakaitɨn he wiped at his eyes crying 3 48 common instrumental prefixes include 3 46 7 kɨ with the teeth or mouth ku by heat ma with a non grasping hand mu with the nose or front of body ni with the voice pi with the buttocks or back of body sɨ by cold sun with the mind ta with the feet ta with a hard instrument or rock to with the hand or fist tsa with a grasping hand tsi with a sharp point tso with the head wɨ with a long instrument or body generic instrumental syntax edit word order edit subject object verb sov is the typical word order for shoshoni 5 32 3 3 75 nɨ i hunanna badger puinnu see nɨ hunanna puinnu i badger see i saw a badger nɨwɨ person sakkuhtɨn there paittsɨkkinna was hollering nɨwɨ sakkuhtɨn paittsɨkkinna person there was hollering the person was making a fuss there 3 75 6 in ditransitive sentences the direct and indirect object are marked with the objective case the indirect object can occur before the direct object or vice versa for example in nɨ tsuhnippɨha satiia uttuhkwa i gave the bone to the dog tsuhnippɨh bone and satii dog take the objective case suffix a 3 76 the subject is not a mandatory component of a grammatical shoshoni sentence therefore impersonal sentences without subjects are allowed those sentences have an object verb word order 23 ɨtɨinna hot cont ɨtɨinna hot cont it the weather is hot 3 83 in particular it is common for the subject to be deleted when a coreferential pronoun appears elsewhere in the sentence for example pɨnnan haintsɨha kai paikkawaihtɨn he won t kill his own friend uses the coreferential possessive pronoun pɨnnan and lacks a word for he as an explicit subject 3 77 likewise the subject can be deleted from the sentence when the subject can be inferred from context for example in a narrative about one man who shoots another u paikkahkwa he killed him literally him killed is acceptable because the killer is clear from the context of the narrative 3 77 state of being sentences express be by excluding an overt verb resulting in a basic subject object order usɨ that um his pii mother usɨ um pii that his mother that is his mother 3 80 sentence meaning is not dependent on word order in shoshoni 5 32 33 for example if the subject is an unstressed pronoun then it is grammatical for the subject to follow the object of the sentence 23 constituent order edit the basic order of constituent morphemes in shoshoni verbs is as follows valence instrumental stem causative benefactive secondary verb directional prefinal aspect aspect imperative number subordination any verb form must include a verb stem but other prefixes and suffixes may not be present depending on the particular verb form 3 42 subordination edit relative clauses edit relative clauses tend to share the same head noun as the main clause and the case of this noun must agree in both clauses when the subject of the relative clause matches the subject of the main clause the verb of the relative clause takes on the same subject subordination suffix tɨn or h kkantɨn depending on whether the events of the clauses occur simultaneously or not these suffixes agree with the head noun of the main clause in both case and number 3 61 for example wa ippɨ yakaitɨn pitɨnuh the woman who was crying arrived where the subject wa ippɨ woman is the same for both clauses and yakai cry in the relative clause takes the suffix tɨn 3 61 however when the subject of the relative clause is not the head noun of the main clause the subject of the relative clause takes the possessive case and a different set of verbal suffixes are used the head noun may be deleted from the relative clause altogether these different subject subordinate suffixes also mark verb tense and aspect in the nominative case they are na if present h kkan if stative h kkwan if momentaneous ppɨh if perfect tu ih if future and ih if unmarked 3 62 aitɨn this painkwi fish nɨhɨn our tɨkkanna eating pitsikkammanna tastes rotten aitɨn painkwi nɨhɨn tɨkkanna pitsikkammanna this fish our eating tastes rotten this fish that we are eating tastes rotten the subject we of the relative clause appears as the possessive pronoun nɨhɨn our and tɨkka eat takes the suffix nna to indicate the present action of eating 3 62 switch reference edit shoshoni exhibits switch reference in which a non relative subordinate clause is marked when its subject is a pronoun that differs from the subject of the main clause in such subordinate clauses the subject takes the objective case and the verb takes on a switch reference suffix ku if the events of both clauses occur simultaneously h kkan if the events of the subordinate clause occur first or the combined h kkanku if the events of the subordinate clause occur over an extended amount of time 3 66 for example sunni naaku wihyu nɨnɨttsi utɨɨkatti tattɨkwa when that happened something scary came to them in the relative clause sunni naaku when that happened the verb naa be or happen takes on the suffix ku to indicate that the relative and main clauses co occur in the narrative 3 67 writing system edit shoshoni lacks a single agreed upon writing system multiple orthographies exist with differing levels of acceptance among shoshoni speakers among the shoshone there are conflicting views on whether shoshoni should be written at all traditionalists advocate to keep shoshoni an oral language better protected from outsiders who might exploit the language meanwhile progressives argue that writing the language down will better preserve it and make it useful today 24 the older crum miller system and the idaho state university system or gould system are the two main shoshoni writing systems in use 25 26 27 28 the crum miller orthography was developed in the 1960s by beverly crum a shoshone elder and linguist and wick miller a non native anthropologist and linguist the system is largely phonemic with specific symbols mapping to specific phonemes which reflects the underlying sounds but not necessarily surface pronunciations 24 5 10 crum miller orthography 26 letter ipa aa ɑː a ɑ a̲i̲ e ai a͡ɪ e ɨ ee ɨː h h k k ɣ g kk kː hk x kw kʷ ɣʷ gʷ kkw kːʷ hkw xʷ m m mm mː n n nn nː o o oo oː p p β b pp pː hp ɸ s s is ʃ t t d ɾ it ð tt tː iht θ ts t͡s z its ʒ tts tt͡s itts t͡ʃ u u uu uː w w y j ʔ the newer idaho state system was developed by the shoshone elder drusilla gould and the non native linguist christopher loether and is used more commonly in southern idaho 24 compared to the crum miller system the idaho state system is more phonetic with spellings more closely reflecting the surface pronunciations of words but it lacks the deeper phonemic information that the crum miller system provides 5 10 online shoshoni dictionaries are available for everyday use 29 see also edit sacagawea the shoshone woman who translated for the lewis and clark expedition references edit 1 2 shoshoni at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required bauer laurie 2007 the linguistics student s handbook edinburgh edinburgh university press 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 mclaughlin john e 2012 shoshoni grammar munich lincom europa isbn 9783862883042 oclc 793217272 wals online language shoshone the world atlas of language structures online retrieved january 25 2018 1 2 3 4 5 gould drusilla loether christopher 2002 an introduction to the shoshoni language dammen da̲igwape salt lake city university of utah press isbn 0874807301 oclc 50114343 1 2 3 4 5 6 shoshoni ethnologue retrieved january 22 2018 summary by language family ethnologue retrieved april 18 2018 uto aztecan language family about world languages aboutworldlanguages com retrieved april 18 2018 mclaughlin john e 1992 a counter intuitive solution in central numic phonology international journal of american linguistics 58 2 158 181 doi 10 1086 ijal 58 2 3519754 s2cid 148250257 unesco atlas of the world s languages in danger retrieved september 29 2012 native american academic services diversity resource center idaho state university archived from the original on november 8 2012 retrieved august 29 2012 idaho state university shoshoni language project still going strong after 20 years idaho state university retrieved august 29 2012 an introduction to the shoshoni language university press catalog utah university press retrieved august 29 2012 language and culture preservation program shoshone bannock tribe archived from the original on october 1 2011 retrieved august 29 2012 dunlap tetona february 28 2012 as elders pass wind river indian reservation teachers turn to technology to preserve shoshone language wyofile retrieved april 18 2018 1 2 shoshone goshute youth language apprenticeship program center for american indian languages university of utah retrieved august 30 2012 koepp paul july 21 2010 university of utah program helps shoshone youths keep language alive deseret news archived from the original on november 23 2010 retrieved august 30 2012 brundin jenny july 18 2009 ten teens study to guard their native language morning edition npr retrieved august 30 2012 first shoshone language video game scienceblog com august 14 2013 retrieved august 20 2013 idaho district to offer shoshoni classes deseret news archived from the original on december 4 2012 retrieved august 29 2012 cosgrove liz may 31 2013 new charter school in fort hall kifi retrieved april 18 2018 shaul david leedom 2012 survey of shoshone grammar with reference to eastern shoshone national science foundation p 13 1 2 shaul david 2012 survey of shoshone grammar with reference to eastern shoshone national science foundation pp 112 113 1 2 3 broncho samuel december 16 2016 how do you learn a language that isn t written down british council retrieved april 19 2018 miller wick r 1972 newe natekwinappeh shoshoni stories and dictionary university of utah anthropological papers 94 salt lake city university of utah press 1 2 crum beverly dayley jon p 1993 western shoshoni grammar boise state university occasional papers and monographs in cultural anthropology and linguistics volume no 1 boise idaho department of anthropology boise state university isbn 978 0 9639749 0 7 crum beverly dayley jon p 1997 shoshoni texts occasional papers and monographs in cultural anthropology and linguistics volume no 2 boise idaho department of anthropology boise state university crum beverly crum earl dayley jon p 2001 newe hupia shoshoni poetry songs logan utah utah state university press shoshoni dictionary shoshoni language project archived from the original on may 8 2014 retrieved may 7 2014 external links edit for a list of words relating to shoshoni language see the shoshone language category of words in wiktionary the free dictionary shoshoni language test of wikipedia at wikimedia incubator shoshoni language project project for shoshoni language revitalization at the university of utah the enee game shoshone language video game shoshoni swadesh vocabulary list wiktionary portions of the book of common prayer in shoshoni translated by charles lajoe and the reverend john roberts wind river reservation wyoming no publisher 1899 digitized by richard mammana open source audio for intro...