Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

siege, notes, citations, sources, of, breteuil, contents, background, prelude, first, second, aftermath, and, relief,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (239), and (96), was (63), french (41), 1999 (35), john (33), rogers (29), siege (28), sumption (28), #breteuil (27), english (25), lancaster (25), with (22), france (20), were (20), 2014 (19), for (19), had (19), army (19), from (18), war (18), edward (18), this (17), black (17), his (17), normandy (16), prince (16), isbn (14), king (14), edit (14), which (14), years (13), 1356 (13), force (13), men (13), town (13), but (13), 978 (12), burne (12), that (12), held (12), battle (11), its (11), hundred (10), iii (10), their (10), navarre (10), south (10), august (9), july (9), citadel (9), under (8), chevauchée (8), 1355 (8), fowler (8), been (8), charles (8), them (8), navarrese (8), wikipedia (7), wagner (7), 2006 (7), clifford (7), campaign (7), calais (7), 1969 (7), note (7), brittany (7), marched (7), garrison (7), west (7), walls (7), fortifications (7), miles (7), gascony (7), 1360 (6), history (6), henry (6), royal (6), 2007 (6), verneuil (6), year (6), philip (6), norman (6), all (6), forces (6), north (6), attack (6), second (6), during (6), april (6), mobile (5), page (5), 1337 (5), woodbridge (5), suffolk (5), first (5), september (5), sources (5), 300 (5), citations (5), made (5), they (5), large (5), more (5), when (5), notes (5), captured (5), poitiers (5), many (5), being (5), against (5), some (5), cotentin (5), set (5), took (5), not (5), sur (5), june (5), arrived (5), several (5), northern (5), move (5), toggle (4), contents (4), search (4), available (4), may (4), military (4), london (4), faber (4), boydell (4), 1327 (4), bergerac (4), 2018 (4), 1350 (4), 2002 (4), known (4), tower (4), arms (4), great (4), 1346 (4), these (4), 000 (4), anglo (4), off (4), forced (4), much (4), who (4), further (4), then (4), loire (4), march (4), time (4), free (4), take (4), sent (4), concentrated (4), defenders (4), describes (4), historian (4), attempted (4), main (4), out (4), ordered (4), following (4), évreux (4), son (4), chartres (4), between (4), territory (4), both (4), 8369 (4), 9147 (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), table (3), view (3), about (3), articles (3), wikidata (3), england (3), jonathan (3), vol (3), fire (3), 1990 (3), press (3), news (3), unknown (3), oxford (3), madden (3), full (3), november (3), pdf (3), 269 (3), curry (3), 224 (3), 346 (3), 345 (3), 267 (3), 341 (3), 208 (3), order (3), probably (3), one (3), because (3), than (3), assembled (3), most (3), lands (3), strongly (3), effect (3), early (3), attempt (3), garrisoned (3), capital (3), nor (3), would (3), passage (3), before (3), gascon (3), strong (3), went (3), unusually (3), personal (3), contemporary (3), little (3), two (3), rouen (3), tillières (3), avre (3), negotiated (3), surrender (3), east (3), did (3), small (3), pont (3), audemer (3), taken (3), command (3), decided (3), back (3), into (3), refused (3), nobles (3), towns (3), truce (3), scale (3), guînes (3), fighting (3), crécy (3), casualties (3), tools (3), languages (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), text (2), terms (2), using (2), use (2), last (2), categories (2), cs1 (2), maint (2), periodical (2), has (2), coordinates (2), pages (2), short (2), description (2), sieges (2), greenwood (2), 313 (2), encyclopedia (2), 571 (2), trial (2), strategy (2), link (2), cite (2), 2004 (2), 1345 (2), 84383 (2), medieval (2), 1998 (2), tournai (2), 1340 (2), jstor (2), 358 (2), 1994 (2), 102 (2), oclc (2), 3679216 (2), prestwich (2), jaques (2), publishing (2), group (2), 124 (2), special (2), 1100 (2), harari (2), kenneth (2), noble (2), duke (2), 258 (2), 156 (2), 154 (2), 153 (2), 271 (2), 268 (2), 347 (2), 272 (2), 342 (2), 344 (2), 220 (2), 211 (2), 334 (2), 209 (2), 142 (2), 184 (2), having (2), spent (2), day (2), 7th (2), outside (2), longbowmen (2), knights (2), lords (2), needed (2), able (2), repeatedly (2), 1354 (2), 1348 (2), treasury (2), marked (2), export (2), became (2), entire (2), tours (2), pursued (2), succeeded (2), retreat (2), defeated (2), imprisoned (2), partisans (2), him (2), moved (2), 500 (2), reinforce (2), across (2), fortified (2), unable (2), returned (2), laid (2), aftermath (2), clear (2), could (2), felt (2), prestige (2), eventually (2), way (2), something (2), around (2), huge (2), bribe (2), vacate (2), detachments (2), towards (2), long (2), meanwhile (2), devastating (2), countryside (2), offensive (2), since (2), point (2), belfry (2), pushed (2), assault (2), launched (2), repulsed (2), losses (2), modern (2), charge (2), attracted (2), praise (2), splendour (2), high (2), status (2), participants (2), progress (2), well (2), left (2), food (2), numbers (2), mine (2), avail (2), condé (2), iton (2), also (2), rested (2), get (2), there (2), days (2), allow (2), formal (2), night (2), until (2), looting (2), same (2), approach (2), ten (2), montebourg (2), western (2), unclear (2), already (2), mines (2), resupplied (2), stand (2), now (2), relief (2), brother (2), assistance (2), part (2), 800 (2), reinforced (2), 200 (2), garrisons (2), robert (2), breton (2), earl (2), assaults (2), commanded (2), houdetot (2), third (2), position (2), central (2), fortification (2), while (2), given (2), count (2), control (2), those (2), dauphin (2), major (2), focused (2), assembling (2), call (2), money (2), eldest (2), arrested (2), four (2), bordeaux (2), economic (2), after (2), months (2), over (2), prelude (2), sides (2), field (2), council (2), bring (2), agreed (2), possession (2), port (2), larger (2), within (2), background (2), saint (2), 1347 (2), edwardian (2), phase (2), location (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), links (2), read (2), article (2), subsection (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, additional, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, wikimedia, foundation, inc, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, containing, language, gadget, wikiminiatlas, dmy, dates, 2025, featured, different, eure, conflicts, 1350s, retrieved, https, org, index, php, title, siege_of_breteuil, oldid, 1370739780, 32736, 13896, 20095, 2000, 85115, 804, cruel, sharp, eds, generalship, brewer, 110, 0961, 7582, issn, 040, journal, devries, kelly, bachrach, bernard, bulletin, 366, 26007300, dialectics, 931311378, 2307, doi, transactions, historical, society, university, 922687, plantagenet, 1225, michael, mollie, 78327, 356, grande, tony, westport, connecticut, 33537, dictionary, battles, sack, gold, 292, 109, operations, age, chivalry, 1550, écus, yuval, new, york, barnes, 164491035, 236, 30812, lieutenant, grosmont, 1310, 1361, osprey, published, archived, original, 84176, 1453, anne, 1955, ware, hertfordshire, wordsworth, editions, 84022, 210, crecy, alfred, 294, 299, 256, 233, 107, 276, 278, 225, 227, 231, 352, 353, 223, 270, 263, 222, 265, 221, 152, 151, 125, 332, 111, 115, 330, 259, 101, 324, 252, 168, 175, 295ff, 174, 171, 172, 160, 169, 139, 143, 114, 585, 144, 147, 182, 183, 204, 205, 394, stationary, contributed, belief, eager, grey, constructed, 1135, tour, grise, initial, 900, 400, archers, mostly, broadly, training, drawn, landed, gentry, ranged, relatives, attendants, minor, landowners, equip, themselves, suit, horse, plate, armour, bad, plotted, murdered, closest, advisers, bedroom, boasted, constable, economy, recovering, severe, outbreak, greatly, benefited, particular, increase, wool, exports, previous, significant, change, how, tax, collected, doubled, yield, 113, 420, context, annual, income, approximately, death, gascons, cutting, heavily, smaller, along, court, nobility, throughout, released, 1357, castle, where, leading, upheavals, government, escaladed, prominent, influential, acknowledged, paid, hoping, cross, unseasonable, fullness, destroyed, bridges, junction, abandoned, crossing, route, strongpoints, once, rennes, homage, godfrey, harcourt, despite, neither, stormed, starved, abandon, undermine, warrior, declined, declaring, posed, serious, threat, give, pressure, prevent, destruction, wreaked, offered, permission, valuables, goods, persuaded, immediately, river, rendezvous, concerned, regarding, possible, least, terrible, pointless, endeavour, magnificent, archaic, commenced, alone, overcome, defences, frequently, susceptible, occasion, image, hard, wished, delay, briefly, stragglers, join, offering, 8th, vastly, superior, halted, away, inviting, commit, replied, ambiguously, convinced, reason, landing, seek, believed, agreement, reached, camped, however, broke, camp, realised, attempting, pursuit, clearly, hopeless, established, promptly, capitulated, argentan, heralds, aigle, continued, seized, looted, prisoner, anyone, considered, might, worth, 6th, motivated, prospect, rich, relieve, fell, reports, received, stronger, perhaps, times, number, freshly, provisioned, only, horses, arrayed, case, ransom, burning, through, 30th, whether, certainly, close, falling, nearly, driving, fled, hearing, abandoning, baggage, equipment, provisioning, filling, excavations, detaching, 100, reaching, 5th, besiegers, retired, good, relieving, sufficiently, marching, head, just, turning, wait, scattered, assemble, headed, haste, trail, younger, adherents, withdrew, appealed, preparing, expedition, diverted, support, rebels, normans, commander, joined, detached, suggests, 700, month, knolles, vaast, hogue, succession, holdings, caused, unsuccessful, another, breached, leaving, flames, exchange, granting, included, senior, councillors, attacked, any, event, failed, drove, sap, walled, possessed, built, earlier, prosperous, strategically, unimportant, besieged, works, undertaken, situation, developing, need, ready, personally, intervene, entered, commitments, succour, raised, fifteen, old, nominal, remained, bourges, area, pro, mopping, strongholds, suppressing, holdouts, bodied, males, announced, response, unenthusiastic, repeated, late, again, arrière, ban, shown, right, centre, enthusiasm, running, national, administration, fall, ing, apart, jealous, acrimony, recrimination, openly, defying, chronicler, recorded, severely, hated, own, realm, rebelled, killed, loyalists, pay, taxes, dining, outspoken, summarily, executed, largest, landholders, messages, calling, reinforcements, turned, arras, attention, later, soldiers, october, devastated, wide, swathe, sacked, enormous, damage, done, concluded, importance, attrition, can, hardly, exaggerated, component, resumed, christmas, local, bringing, places, narbonne, 480, woodstock, signed, ratify, latest, extension, due, expire, committed, favourable, financial, launch, offensives, expected, descent, allocating, inadequate, largely, lack, recruit, 1364, treaty, ending, led, defeating, successfully, inconclusive, manoeuvres, each, side, financially, exhausted, intended, temporary, halt, favoured, confirming, territorial, conquests, including, extensive, important, scotland, run, nine, extended, formally, aside, stop, ongoing, naval, clashes, countries, duchy, occasional, laying, 1066, monarchs, titles, kings, series, disagreements, paris, should, direct, grounds, breach, obligations, vassal, start, 116, 1377, 1328, vassals, conquest, gave, persuade, oppose, cut, heavy, heir, inflicting, taking, matter, face, surrounding, interrupted, relieved, avoided, renewed, investment, brétigny, malestroit, espléchin, treaties, truces, reims, jacquerie, 1358, ardres, saintes, jean, angély, winchelsea, lunalonge, 1349, 1352, blanchetaque, caen, aiguillon, auberoche, morlaix, brest, 1342, 1343, omer, tournaisis, sluys, scheldt, campaigns, cambrai, thiérache, channel, arnemuiden, cadzand, commanders, leaders, kingdom, belligerents, victory, result, date, depiction, assaulted, item, other, projects, printable, version, download, print, switch, legacy, parser, shortened, url, information, permanent, related, what, here, general, actions, talk, français, español, العربية, top, recent, community, portal, learn, help, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
ntents move to sidebar hide top 1 background 2 prelude 3 first siege toggle first siege subsection 3 1 relief 4 second siege 5 aftermath 6 notes citations and sources toggle notes citations and sources subsection 6 1 notes 6 2 citations 6 3 sources toggle the table of contents siege of breteuil 3 languages العربية español français edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 48 50 13 n 0 54 53 e 48 8369 n 0 9147 e 48 8369 0 9147 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia 1356 siege during the hundred years war siege of breteuil part of the edwardian phase of the hundred years war a medieval depiction of a fortification being assaulted date april c 20 august 1356 location breteuil normandy 48 50 13 n 0 54 53 e 48 8369 n 0 9147 e 48 8369 0 9147 result french victory belligerents navarrese garrison kingdom of france commanders and leaders john ii of france casualties and losses unknown unknown breteuil location within normandy v t e hundred years war edwardian phase 1337 1360 1337 1340 cadzand arnemuiden english channel thiérache campaign cambrai scheldt campaigns sluys tournaisis campaign saint omer tournai 1342 1343 brest morlaix edward iii s breton campaign 1345 1347 gascony bergerac auberoche aiguillon crécy campaign caen blanchetaque crécy calais 1346 1347 lancaster s chevauchée 1346 1349 1352 lunalonge calais 1350 winchelsea saint jean d angély saintes ardres guînes 1355 1356 black prince s chevauchée 1355 edward iii s chevauchée 1355 normandy chevauchée 1356 breteuil loire campaign 1356 black prince s chevauchée 1356 poitiers 1358 1360 jacquerie reims campaign chartres treaties and truces espléchin malestroit calais guînes first london second london brétigny the siege of breteuil was the investment surrounding of the norman town of breteuil held by partisans of king charles ii of navarre by french forces between april and about 20 august 1356 it was interrupted on 5 july when a small english army commanded by henry earl of lancaster relieved and resupplied the town the french king john ii attempted to bring lancaster to battle with the much larger french royal army but lancaster avoided this john then renewed the siege of breteuil the french force attracted praise for its splendour and the high status of many of its participants but it made little progress as the town was well garrisoned and had been left by lancaster with food for a year john attempted to mine under the walls to no avail meanwhile edward the black prince the son and heir of the english king assembled an anglo gascon army at bergerac in south west france on 4 august this marched into french held territory devastating the countryside as it went at some point in august an unusually large mobile siege tower was pushed up to the walls of breteuil and an assault launched the defenders set fire to the tower and repulsed the attack inflicting many casualties taking breteuil became a matter of prestige for john and he refused to take the army south to face the black prince eventually some time around 20 august john gave the garrison of breteuil free passage to the cotentin in north west normandy and a huge bribe to persuade them to vacate breteuil all available french forces were then concentrated at chartres to oppose the black prince john and his army pursued the black prince s force cut off their retreat and forced it to battle at poitiers the french were defeated with heavy casualties and john was captured background edit since the norman conquest of 1066 english monarchs had held titles and lands within france the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of france 1 on 24 may 1337 following a series of disagreements between philip vi of france r 1328 1350 and edward iii of england r 1327 1377 philip s great council in paris agreed that the lands held by edward iii in france should be taken into philip s direct control on the grounds that edward iii was in breach of his obligations as a vassal this marked the start of the hundred years war which was to last 116 years 2 in 1346 edward led an army across northern france defeating the french at the battle of crécy and successfully laying siege to the port of calais 3 4 following further inconclusive military manoeuvres by each side and given that both sides were financially exhausted on 28 september the truce of calais intended to bring a temporary halt to the fighting was agreed this strongly favoured the english confirming them in possession of all of their territorial conquests 5 including the port of calais extensive territory in northern and western brittany and several important fortifications in both scotland and gascony 6 it was to run for nine months to 7 july 1348 but was extended repeatedly over the years until it was formally set aside in 1355 7 the truce did not stop ongoing naval clashes between the two countries nor small scale fighting in gascony and the duchy of brittany nor occasional fighting on a larger scale 6 8 a treaty ending the war was negotiated at guînes and signed on 6 april 1354 the french king now john ii r 1350 1364 decided not to ratify it and it did not take effect the latest extension to the truce was due to expire on 24 june it was clear that from then both sides would be committed to full scale war 9 10 in april 1355 edward and his council with the treasury in an unusually favourable financial position note 1 decided to launch offensives that year in both northern france and gascony 13 14 john attempted to strongly garrison his northern towns and fortifications against the expected descent by edward iii at the same time assembling a field army after allocating garrisons the french field army was inadequate largely because of lack of money to recruit more men 15 16 prelude edit while french attention was focused on the north 17 18 edward iii s eldest son edward of woodstock later known as the black prince arrived in bordeaux the capital of english held gascony in september 1355 with 2 200 english soldiers 19 20 21 during october and november 1355 an anglo gascon force of between 5 000 and 6 000 men marched from bordeaux 300 miles 480 km to narbonne and back to gascony known as the black prince s chevauchée this march devastated a wide swathe of french territory and sacked many french towns 22 23 no territory was captured but enormous economic damage was done to france 24 the modern historian clifford rogers concluded that the importance of the economic attrition of the chevauchée can hardly be exaggerated 25 the english component resumed the offensive after christmas to great effect and more than 50 french held towns or fortifications in south west france were captured during the following four months 26 several local lords went over to the english bringing a further 30 fortified places with them 27 money and enthusiasm for the war were running out in france the historian jonathan sumption describes the french national administration as fall ing apart in jealous acrimony and recrimination 28 much of the north of france was openly defying john and a contemporary chronicler recorded that the king of france was severely hated in his own realm the town of arras rebelled and killed loyalists the major nobles of normandy refused to pay taxes on 5 april 1356 several of these nobles were dining at the table of charles john s eldest son the dauphin when john arrived and arrested ten of the most outspoken four were summarily executed 29 one of those imprisoned was king charles ii of navarre one of the largest landholders in normandy note 2 29 the norman nobles who had not been arrested sent messages to navarre calling for reinforcements and turned to edward for assistance 32 first siege edit normandy with breteuil shown a little to the right of centre during april 1356 the french took control of most of normandy and laid siege to those fortifications which refused to surrender 33 34 the cotentin area in the north west was pro navarrese but the french concentrated on mopping up navarrese strongholds in central normandy 35 charles the dauphin who was also the duke of normandy took charge of suppressing these holdouts 36 the major navarrese fortifications he focused on were pont audemer breteuil tillières sur avre and évreux 37 the french king was at chartres assembling an army with which to move against the black prince in gascony 38 an arrière ban a formal call to arms for all able bodied males was announced by the french on 14 may 1356 the response was unenthusiastic and the call was repeated in late may and again in early june 39 the king of navarre was the count of évreux and évreux was the capital of his holdings this caused charles to take personal command of its siege he ordered several assaults which were unsuccessful 40 in early june another attack breached the walls and the defenders were forced back to the citadel leaving the town in flames a surrender of the citadel was negotiated in exchange for granting the garrison which included navarre s senior councillors free passage to breteuil 41 the town of pont audemer was attacked by a french force commanded by robert de houdetot it is unclear if the town was taken as with évreux but in any event the citadel held out houdetot ordered assaults on the citadel which failed so he drove mines towards its walls in an attempt to sap them 40 42 the third navarrese held position in central normandy was the walled town of breteuil it possessed a strong citadel built some 300 years earlier the town was prosperous but as a fortification it was strategically unimportant 43 it was besieged by a large french force but no siege works were undertaken against it 44 while this situation was developing john ii felt the need to stand ready to personally intervene in normandy if needed he had already entered into commitments that a royal army would succour south west france and so he ordered a second army to be raised at bourges john s third son the fifteen year old john count of poitiers was given nominal command john ii remained at chartres 39 philip of navarre a younger brother of charles of navarre took command of several adherents of his brother and withdrew to the northern cotentin from there he appealed to the english king for military assistance 33 edward decided to back the navarrese he had been preparing an expedition to brittany under henry earl of lancaster as part of the war of the breton succession edward diverted this to normandy to support the french rebels 34 on 18 june 1356 lancaster arrived at st vaast la hogue in the north east cotentin 36 with 500 men at arms note 3 and 800 longbowmen they were reinforced by 200 normans under philip of navarre the english commander robert knolles joined lancaster in montebourg with a further 800 men detached from english garrisons in brittany the historian clifford rogers suggests that these 2 300 men note 4 were reinforced by up to 1 700 men from navarrese held fortifications during the following month 46 relief edit henry of lancaster on 24 june the english set out from montebourg burning and looting their way through western normandy lancaster s small army arrived at pont audemer on the 30th it is unclear whether the town had already been taken by the french but the citadel was certainly close to falling 47 42 as the french had nearly succeeded in driving their mines under its walls they fled on hearing of lancaster s approach abandoning their baggage and siege equipment the english spent two days provisioning the town and filling in the french excavations detaching 100 men to reinforce the garrison lancaster marched south on 2 july reaching breteuil on the 5th its besiegers retired in good order and it was resupplied by the relieving force sufficiently to stand a siege for a year 38 48 49 with the english marching east john ordered all available mobile forces to be concentrated at rouen to head them off john arrived on 1 july just before news of lancaster s force turning south john was forced to wait in rouen to allow his now scattered forces to assemble on 5 july he headed south in haste with his army on lancaster s trail 50 the english continued their march south on 4 july to verneuil seized it looted it and took prisoner anyone who it was considered might be worth a ransom the citadel held out until the 6th when its defenders negotiated a surrender 51 note 5 the attack on verneuil was probably motivated by the prospect of looting a rich town 44 no attempt was made to relieve navarrese held tillières sur avre 7 miles 11 km to the east 53 the same day verneuil s citadel fell reports of the approach of the french army were being received it was much stronger than the english force with perhaps ten times the number of men it had moved to condé sur iton and so was 3 miles 5 km from the freshly provisioned breteuil and only 7 miles 11 km from verneuil on the 7th lancaster rested his men and horses 54 55 but they did so arrayed in battle order outside verneuil in case of a french attack 55 the french at condé sur iton also rested having marched hard to get there in two days from rouen and john probably wished to delay briefly to allow more of his stragglers and detachments to join the army before offering battle on the 8th the english marched 14 miles 23 km west to l aigle 56 the french army which rogers describes as vastly superior in numbers halted 2 or 3 miles 3 to 5 km away 57 john sent heralds to lancaster inviting him to commit his force to a formal battle lancaster replied ambiguously but john convinced that lancaster s main reason for landing in normandy was to seek a battle believed an agreement had been reached and camped for the night note 6 59 60 the english however broke camp during the night and set off on a long march of 28 miles 45 km to argentan by the time the french realised this attempting a pursuit was clearly hopeless 61 so the french returned to breteuil and re established their siege 58 a force was sent to tillières sur avre which promptly capitulated 53 second siege edit contemporary image of john ii john took personal charge of this second siege which commenced on 12 july the royal army attracted great contemporary praise for its splendour and the high status of many of its participants but it made little progress as breteuil was well garrisoned and had been left by lancaster with food for a year numbers alone could not overcome its strong defences john attempted to mine under the walls something which norman fortifications were frequently susceptible to on this occasion it was to no avail 62 meanwhile the black prince had assembled an anglo gascon army at bergerac and on 4 august it marched north 6 000 strong devastating th...