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the (190), sifre (79), and (68), with (46), rabbi (36), that (26), from (24), #numbers (23), deuteronomy (22), midrash (21), ishmael (19), which (17), mekhilta (16), rabbah (15), are (15), view (14), edit (13), shimon (13), yochai (13), targum (13), this (12), bar (12), not (11), wikipedia (10), may (10), sifrei (10), hoffmann (10), compare (10), for (10), also (10), david (9), school (9), ben (9), other (8), passages (8), his (8), talmud (8), same (8), terms (7), jewish (7), devarim (7), has (7), passage (7), two (7), all (7), works (7), appears (7), likewise (7), was (6), halakhic (6), zutta (6), many (6), but (6), akiva (6), mentioned (6), babylonian (6), baraita (6), text (5), page (5), articles (5), encyclopedia (5), hebrew (5), sidebar (5), book (5), midrashim (5), sefer (5), following (5), however (5), deut (5), one (5), generations (5), attribute (5), present (5), aggadic (5), anonymous (5), explanation (5), talmudic (5), contents (4), search (4), 1906 (4), different (4), 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rat kohanim numbers and deuteronomy sifre sifrei zutta on numbers mekhilta le sefer devarim aggadic midrash tannaitic seder olam rabbah alphabet of rabbi akiva baraita of the forty nine rules baraita on the thirty two rules baraita on the erection of the tabernacle 400 600 ce genesis rabbah lamentations rabbah pesikta de rav kahana esther rabbah midrash iyyob leviticus rabbah seder olam zutta tanhuma megillat antiochus 650 900 ce avot de rabbi natan pirkei de rabbi eliezer tanna devei eliyahu alphabet of sirach ecclesiastes rabbah shir hashirim rabbah deuteronomy rabbah devarim zutta pesikta rabbati midrash shmuel midrash proverbs ruth rabbah baraita of samuel targum sheni 900 1000 ce ruth zuta eichah zuta midrash tehillim midrash hashkem exodus rabbah shir ha shirim zutta iggeret of rabbi sherira gaon 1000 1200 ce midrash tadshe sefer hayashar later yalkut shimoni yalkut hamachiri midrash jonah ein yaakov midrash hagadol numbers rabbah smaller midrashim targum torah targum onkelos targum pseudo jonathan fragment targum targum neofiti nevi im targum jonathan ketuvim targum tehillim targum mishlei targum iyyov targum to the five megillot targum sheni to esther targum to chronicles v t e sifre hebrew סִפְרֵי siphrēy sifre sifrei also sifre debe rab or sifre rabbah refers to either of two works of midrash halakha or classical jewish legal biblical exegesis based on the biblical books of numbers and deuteronomy the talmudic era sifre edit the title sifre debe rav lit the books of the school of abba arikha is used by chananel ben chushiel 1 isaac alfasi 2 and rashi 3 it occurs likewise in makkot 9b 4 the 8th century author of halachot gedolot names four exegetical books belonging to the scribes heb midrash sofrim and which in all appearances seem to refer to sifre debe rav and which comprised the following compositions 1 genesis rabbah 2 mekhilta of rabbi shimon ben yochai on exodus 3 sifrei on numbers and 4 sifrei on deuteronomy 5 regarding the reference in sanhedrin 86a to the sifre of rabbi simeon see mekhilta of rabbi shimon ben yochai the question has likewise been raised whether given the well known close relation that existed between the school of shimon bar yochai and that of rabbi ishmael 6 the words וכלהו אליבא דר ע apply to rabbi simeon s sifre in the same degree as to the other works mentioned in this talmudic passage 7 the present sifre edit such questions however are unimportant in reference to the sifre now extant for this work is certainly not identical with the talmudic sifre and on closer investigation it is found to be not a uniform work but one composed of parts which did not originally belong together zecharias frankel 8 drew attention to the difference between that portion of the sifre which refers to numbers and that which refers to deuteronomy although he misunderstood this difference and consequently arrived at false conclusions david hoffmann has correctly defined the relation between the two in his zur einleitung in die halachischen midraschim 9 rabbinical eras chazal zugot tannaim amoraim savoraim geonim rishonim acharonim v t e sifre to numbers edit the sifre to numbers is evidently a midrash which originated in rabbi ishmael s school and which has all the characteristics of such a work it follows the same principles of exposition as does the mekhilta the same group of tannaim appears and the same technical terms are employed 10 there are also many material points of similarity with the mekhilta 11 the aggadic portions likewise contain many parallel passages 12 it is especially noteworthy that the explanation in sifre 13 of the sotah law corresponds with a view expressed by rabbi ishmael and also with the prescribed halakha that one witness being sufficient to convict the ordeal of the bitter water is not necessary the explanation given in the sifre to numbers thus contradicts the explanation in soṭah 31a and in sifre deut 188 the view expressed in the babylonian talmud 14 is curious for it cites the explanation of the sifre to numbers and adds thereto ואמר רחמנא תרי לית בה אלא חד והיא לא נתפשה אסורה whereas the deduction should read to the contrary תרי לית בה אלא חד היתה שותה the babylonian talmud which evidently does not know rabbi ishmael s view tries to interpret the baraita in the sense of the prescribed halakha but the baraita must in fact be interpreted in the opposite sense namely as following the view of rabbi ishmael who because עד always implies two as appears from jerusalem talmud soṭah 20d demands also in the case of a woman charged with adultery two witnesses of the alleged crime the passage introduced by the phrase סתם ספרי sifre 161 an anonymous sifre likewise echoes rabbi ishmael s views and the same is true of sifre 21 as compared with sifre 7 the beginning of sifre 7 appears to be strangely enough an anonymous halakha expressing the opposite opinion 15 though this also may at need be harmonized with rabbi ishmael s view sifre 39 likewise follows rabbi ishmael s view according to hullin 49a these and other less cogent reasons seem to indicate that the sifre to numbers originated in rabbi ishmael s school although this does not exclude the assumption that the editor in addition borrowed much from shimon bar yochai s midrash 16 and other less known midrashim among the tannaim appearing in the sifre to numbers are rabbi ishmael and his pupils rabbi josiah and rabbi jonathan nathan the babylonian abba jose ben hanan citing eliezer eliezer ben hurcanus rabbi akiva and his pupils shimon bar yochai and judah bar ilai less frequently rabbi meir and jose ben halafta judah the prince also is often mentioned here as in other midrashic works judah ben bathyra who as david hoffmann says is more frequently mentioned in midrashic works from rabbi ishmael s school than in any others a sentence of the amora samuel ben nahman is quoted once no 73 sifre to deuteronomy edit the sifre to deuteronomy is of an entirely different nature the main portion nos 53 303 halakhic in character is preceded and followed by aggadic parts and it has all the characteristics of a midrash from the school of rabbi akiva the principles underlying the exposition are the same as those in sifra the term mufneh in the application of the principle gezerah shavah occurs only once and is to be regarded as a later addition the technical terms are largely the same in both midrashim different terms being found only here and there in the sifre moreover the group of tannaim is different from that of the mekhilta le sefer devarim mekhilta to deuteronomy those frequently mentioned in the latter rabbi josiah rabbi jonathan nathan the babylonian and rabbi isaac are mentioned rarely in the sifre and even then their names are evidently later additions many passages quoted as being anonymous correspond with rabbi akiva s views 17 similarly some halakhic differences between the sifre and the mekhilta may be pointed out 18 all these points indicate that the sifre to deuteronomy originated in rabbi akiva s school and as several anonymous passages may be cited to express the views of shimon bar yochai this midrash may with a fair degree of certainty be ascribed to him such anonymous passages are found in sifre 72 74 several sections of which makkot 17a identifies as shimon bar yochai s interpretations the same appears to be the case in sifre 94 compared with sanhedrin 112a ib 103 with kiddushin 57a ib 121 with sanhedrin 46b sifre 166 and perhaps also 165 likewise correspond with shimon bar yochai s views 19 while in sifre 303 the explanation of לא בערתי ממנו בטמא and the omission of בכורים also imply an agreement therewith 20 there are however some exceptions to the rule 21 sifre 230 likewise contradicts shimon bar yochai s view according to kil ayim 7 7 but since it has not been claimed that the sifre to deuteronomy represents shimon bar yochai s midrash in its original form these few exceptions prove nothing the editor certainly drew upon other midrashic works besides shimon bar yochai s midrash especially upon that of rabbi ishmael as appears from a comparison with the mekhilta to deuteronomy 22 as well as from the fact that several passages introduced by תנא דבי ר י occur in the sifre 23 sifre 107 however by no means corresponds with the passage תני ר י in jerusalem talmud eruvin 20c 24 but rather expresses the opposite view sifre deut 171 s v ד א corresponds perhaps with megillah 25a s v תנא דבי ר י and sifre 104 with the view of rabbi ishmael in mek mishpaṭim 201 according to the correct reading of yalkut shimoni which has ר י instead of ר ש it thus appears that the editor introduces the midrashim from rabbi ishmael s midrash with the phrase ד א david hoffmann 25 concludes from pesachim 68a and 71a that the editors of the babylonian talmud possessed the sifre in another edition than the present one which he takes to be a palestinian edition but the former passage indicates merely that the amoraim occasionally had not memorized the baraitot perfectly an instance of inaccuracy with regard to the sifre being evident in hullin 74a 26 final redaction edit the final redaction of the sifre must have been undertaken in the time of the amoraim since some of them e g rabbai bannai and rabbi jose ben ḥanina are mentioned therein both the sifre to numbers and that to deuteronomy are divided into sections it may be said in general of the sifre to numbers and also of that to deuteronomy that they are defective in many passages and that the amoraim probably possessed more trustworthy copies 27 even rashi and the lekach tov quote from the sifre passages which are no longer extant 28 while the middle halakhic portion of the sifre to deuteronomy belongs to akiva s school the aggadic portions preceding and following it seem to come from works of r ishmael s school this appears clearly in the first part which shows many formal and material similarities with the mekhilta in regard to the latter portion it may be said that sifre deut 344 reproduces r ishmael s view on the question at issue 29 as for the halakhic midrash it may be said that in contradistinction to the aggadic part the collector used aside from r ishmael s midrash that of r simeon 30 quotation by raymundus martini edit the christian polemicist raymundus martini in the 13th century claimed in his pugio fidei that sifre contained the following passage which is however not present in any modern copy 31 go and learn the merit of messiah the king and the reward of the righteous from the first adam on whom was laid only one commandment of a prohibitive character and he transgressed it see how many deaths were appointed on him and on his generations and on the generations of his generations to the end of all generations but which attribute is the greater the attribute of goodness or the attribute of punishment retribution he answered the attribute of goodness is the greater and the attribute of punishment the less and messiah the king who was chastened and suffered for the transgressors as it is said he was wounded for our transgressions and so on how much more shall he justify make righteous by his merit all generations and this is what is meant when it is written and the lord made to meet upon him the sin of us all editions and translations edit the earliest extant edition of the sifre is that of venice 1545 other editions are hamburg 1789 sulzbach 1802 with commentary by david pardo salonica 1804 with commentary by abraham lichtstein זרא אברהם part i dyhernfurth 1811 part ii radwill 1820 ed friedmann vienna 1864 a latin translation of the sifre is found in biagio ugolini thesaurus vol xv a modern english translation is that of jacob neusner sifre to numbers 1986 and sifre to deuteronomy 1987 reuven hammer translated the sections related to deutoronomy in sifre a tannaitic commentary on the book of deuteronomy 1987 a recent english translation was published by marty jaffee and can be read online 32 references edit on sheb 37a while citing sifrei on numbers 6 9 on pes 10 on hos 2 1 while citing a passage taken from sifrei on numbers 25 1 as berliner says in his edition of rashi p 372 בספרא is an error for בספרי comp arukh s v ארבע where he cites sifrei on deuteronomy 6 4 ezriel hildesheimer sefer halakhot gedolot vol 3 chapter halakhot mishmarot jerusalem 1987 p 377 hebrew cf rashi s commentary on baba bathra 124b s v בשאר ספרי דבי רב yoma 59a zeb 53b 119b ḥul 69b levy ueber einige fragmente aus der mischnah des abba saul p 11 note 15 darke ha mishnah p 319 pp 52 et seq see mekhilta to the examples there given may be added טעמו של דבר מגיד מפני מה numbers 8 for which the sifra to leviticus 21 12 uses the expression להגיד מה גרם for example sifre 2 agrees literally with mekhilta mishpaṭim 6 sifre 65 with mekhilta bo 5 sifre 71 with ib 15 sifre 142 with ib 5 compare the collation in hoffmann l c p 54 though sifre 64 and mek beshallaḥ 1 should not be included since these two passages disagree on one point numbers 7 soṭah 2a and 31b compare yer soṭah 16b compare david hoffmann l c p 54 for example deut 270 with yeb 52b ib 95 with sanh 45b ib 269 with yer giṭ 49b ib 280 with yer sanh 21c sifre deut 123 differs from mek mishpaṭim 1 ib 122 from mek mishpaṭim 2 which latter reproduces rabbi ishmael s view comp david hoffmann l c pp 68 69 compare hullin 136b tosefta ḥullin 9 2 10 1 compare yeb 73b and bik 2 2 for example sifre 110 compared with ib 281 and b m 115a ib 219 with sanhedrin 45b the last cited passage however may also be so interpreted as to harmonize with shimon bar yochai s opinion see david hoffmann in hildesheimer jubelschrift p 91 e g 71 and 75 compared with yeb 73 ib 229 with shab 32a ib 237 with yer ket 28c hoffmann zur einleitung etc p 67 l c p 70 compare tosafot ad loc s v להאי compare david hoffmann l c pp 53 68 compare grätz jubelschrift p 4 notes 5 7 10 compare b ḳ 113a compare sifre 28 with lev r 1 ib 37 with gen r 85 ib 40 with lev r 35 ib 47 with gen r 12 ib 336 with gen r 82 ib 313 with tanhuma ed s buber p 72 life and times of jesus the messiah chapter 4 m jaffee sifre devarim this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain singer isidore et al eds 1901 1906 sifre the jewish encyclopedia new york funk wagnalls it has the following bibliography blau in steinschneider festschrift pp 21 40 a epstein mi ḳadmoniyyot ha yehudim pp 50 56 z frankel darke ha mishnah pp 309 et seq a geiger urschrift pp 434 450 idem jüd zeit 1866 pp 96 126 david zvi hoffmann zur einleitung in die halachischen midraschim pp 51 et seq 66 et seq pick in stade s zeitschrift 1886 pp 101 121 i h weiss zur geschichte der jüdischen tradition external links edit sifrei devarim and sifrei bamidbar hebrew text and english translation hosted by sefaria authority control databases international viaf gnd fast national united states france bnf data norway israel other idref v t e book of numbers chapters 1 4 4 7 8 12 13 15 16 18 19 22 22 25 25 30 30 31 32 33 36 parashah bemidbar naso be...