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over jojoba meal can be used as a low cost livestock feed jojoba leaves also contain antioxidant flavonoids which have been studied for their potential in treating asthma inflammation and cancer 11 native american uses edit native americans first made use of jojoba during the early 18th century jesuit missionaries on the baja california peninsula observed indigenous peoples heating jojoba seeds to soften them they then used a mortar and pestle to create a salve or buttery substance the latter was applied to the skin and hair to heal and condition the o odham people of the sonoran desert treated burns with an antioxidant salve made from a paste of the jojoba seed 2 native americans also used the salve to soften and preserve animal hides pregnant women ate jojoba seeds believing they assisted during childbirth hunters and raiders ate jojoba on the trail to keep hunger at bay the seri who utilize nearly every edible plant in their domain do not regard the seeds as real food and in the past ate it only in emergencies 2 introduction to europe edit archibald menzies was the botanist with the vancouver expedition that arrived in santa barbara california in november 1793 he was given fruit and plants of the jojoba by padre of the san diego mission these survived the voyage back to the uk and were planted in the royal botanic gardens at kew near london 12 408 contemporary uses edit wild jojoba seed market on the san carlos apache indian reservation in arizona jojoba is grown for the liquid wax commonly called jojoba oil in its seeds 13 the oil is rare in that it is an extremely long c36 c46 straight chain wax ester and not a triglyceride making jojoba and its derivative jojoba esters more similar to whale oil than to traditional vegetable oils jojoba oil has also been discussed as a possible biodiesel fuel 14 15 16 but it cannot be cultivated on a scale to compete with traditional fossil fuels so its use is restricted to personal care products 17 cultivation edit plantations of jojoba have been established in a number of desert and semi desert areas predominantly in argentina australia israel mexico peru and the united states it is currently the sonoran desert s second most economically valuable native plant overshadowed only by washingtonia filifera california fan palms used as ornamental trees jojoba prefers light coarsely textured soils good drainage and water penetration is necessary it tolerates salinity and nutrient poor soils soil ph should be between 5 and 8 18 jojoba grows best in young coarse soils with minimal profile development these soils primarily derived from acid igneous materials are typically found on slopes exceeding 3 up to over 30 percent on north facing slopes the moisture retention is often better and thus can better support jojoba especially young plants 19 high temperatures are tolerated by jojoba but frost can damage or kill plants 20 jojoba can endure extreme temperature with summer temperatures up to 46 c 115 f however they can on the other hand experience leaf damage in cold conditions the seedlings are more vulnerable suffering damage or death at temperatures between three and nine degrees below freezing 11 factors such as drought freezing conditions and biotic pressures can significantly impact seedling survival jojoba thrives at various elevations ranging from sea level to lower mountain slopes in arizona s sonoran desert it is commonly found between 600 and 1 300 m 2 000 and 4 300 ft this elevation range provides an ideal environment for jojoba characterized by well drained dry slopes or along wadis where water runoff can support plant growth 19 requirements are minimal so jojoba plants do not need intensive cultivation weed problems only occur during the first two years after planting and there is little damage by insects jojoba is well suited for areas with low annual precipitation typically flourishing where it exceeds 355 mm 14 in annually but it is possible to grow and survive for jojoba with a precipitation below 100mm the optimal range for precipitation is between 450 and 500 mm 18 and 20 in which provides the necessary moisture for growth but during the seed development a sufficient water availability is necessary 21 supplemental irrigation could maximize production where rainfall is less than 400 mm 16 in 18 there is no need for high fertilisation but especially in the first year nitrogen increases growth 22 jojoba is normally harvested by hand because seeds do not all mature in the same time yield is around 3 5 tonnes per hectare 3 100 lb acre depending on the age of the plantation 18 selective breeding is developing plants that produce more beans with higher wax content as well as other characteristics that will facilitate harvesting 2 farmers can establish jojoba plantations by selecting appropriate elevations and managing water resources due to its high product value and tolerance to soil salinity up to 12 ds m ¹ at ph 9 the crop is cultivated in arid regions for commercial oil production and desertification control for example jojoba has been planted to prevent desertification in the thar desert in india 1 2 research continues on options to further increase yields there are already findings on the types of pruning techniques for the bushes which are expected to make a difference in yields 23 processing technology edit jojoba oil is traditionally extracted by mechanically pressing the seeds often with the use of hexane to maximize yield resulting in a typical oil extraction of 35 43 other methods using organic solvents like chloroform or isopropanol can increase the yield to up to 55 a more environmentally friendly but more expensive method is supercritical co 2 extraction this method can be enhanced by adding co solvents such as ethanol transesterification is used to convert jojoba oil into biodiesel where the oil reacts with alcohol e g methanol in the presence of a catalyst e g sodium hydroxide both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts can be used as well as enzymatic catalysts which are more environmentally friendly but costlier 24 molecular breeding edit jojoba is a dioecious plant which brings one of its main challenges only the female bushes bear seeds that can be used for jojoba oil production the sex of the plant is only visible to the eye after flowering 3 4 years after planting 25 a proportion of 10 male plants is required in a field for efficient production about 50 of the plants grown from seed are male this genetic heterogeneity makes commercial cultivation questionable therefore vegetative propagation is preferred to ensure homogeneous and high yielding genotypes to differentiate between male and female plants several molecular markers have been developed 11 agrawal et al 2007 6 identified the sex specific random amplification of polymorphic dna genetic marker opg 5 a base segment of 1400 bp which only occurs in male plants agarwal et al 2011 11 found additional markers at approximately 525 bp and 325 bp specific to male plants using the amplified fragment length polymorphism method and the primers ecori gc msei gcg and ecori tac msei gcg additionally a female specific marker was found at approximately 270 bp with the primers ecori tac msei gcg gender specific microsatellite markers were also discovered over the past two decades a number of genetic marker have been developed that help determine the sex of the plant thereby reducing the risk for farmers by ensuring more accurate propagation of female plants 26 references edit simmondsia chinensis link c k schneid plants of the world online board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens kew 2017 retrieved 23 september 2020 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 phillips steven j comus patricia wentworth eds 2000 a natural history of the sonoran desert university of california press pp 234 57 isbn 0 520 21980 5 mirov n t jan 1952 simmondsia or jojoba a problem in economic botany economic botany 6 1 41 doi 10 1007 bf02859193 1 2 3 gentry howard scott july 1958 the natural history of jojoba simmondsia chinensis and its cultural aspects economic botany 12 3 261 295 bibcode 1958ecbot 12 261g doi 10 1007 bf02859772 s2cid 20974482 1 2 simmondsia chinensis jepson eflora tjm2 the jepson herbarium 1 2 agrawal v sharma k gupta s et al identification of sex in simmondsia chinensis jojoba using rapd markers plant biotechnol rep 1 207 210 2007 doi 10 1007 s11816 007 0031 6 buchmann s l 1987 floral biology of jojoba simmondsia chinensis an anemophilous plant repository arizona edu sturtevant drew lu shaoping zhou zhi wei shen yin wang shuo song jia ming zhong jinshun burks david j yang zhi quan yang qing yong cannon ashley e march 2020 the genome of jojoba simmondsia chinensis a taxonomically isolated species that directs wax ester accumulation in its seeds science advances 6 11 eaay3240 bibcode 2020scia 6 3240s doi 10 1126 sciadv aay3240 issn 2375 2548 pmc 7065883 pmid 32195345 tobe hiroshi yasuda sachiko oginuma kazuo december 1992 seed coat anatomy karyomorphology and relationships of simmondsia simmondsiaceae the botanical magazine tokyo 105 4 529 538 bibcode 1992jplr 105 529t doi 10 1007 bf02489427 s2cid 31513316 perry aviad tel zur noemi dag arnon 2021 05 01 vegetative and reproductive response to fruit load in two jojoba simmondsia chinensis cultivars agronomy 11 5 889 bibcode 2021agron 11 889p doi 10 3390 agronomy11050889 issn 2073 4395 1 2 3 4 al obaidi jameel r halabi mohammed farouq alkhalifah nasser s asanar shanavaskhan al soqeer abdulrahman a attia m f december 2017 a review on plant importance biotechnological aspects and cultivation challenges of jojoba plant biological research 50 1 25 doi 10 1186 s40659 017 0131 x pmc 5571488 pmid 28838321 mathias mildred e 1989 the fascinating history of the early botanical exploration and investigations in southern california aliso a journal of systematic and floristic botany 12 3 407 433 doi 10 5642 aliso 19891203 02 retrieved 5 september 2022 jojoba pdf ienica archived from the original pdf on 2011 09 27 retrieved 2011 02 16 franke elsa lieberei reinhard reisdorff christoph 24 october 2012 nutzpflanzen nutzbare gewächse der gemäßigten breiten subtropen und tropen stuttgart georg thieme verlag p 399 al hamamre z july 2013 jojoba is a possible alternative green fuel for jordan energy sources part b economics planning and policy 8 3 217 226 bibcode 2013enesb 8 217a doi 10 1080 15567240903330442 s2cid 154094908 al widyan mohamad i al muhtaseb mu taz a august 2010 experimental investigation of jojoba as a renewable energy source energy conversion and management 51 8 1702 1707 bibcode 2010ecm 51 1702a doi 10 1016 j enconman 2009 11 043 uwe wolfmeier hans schmidt franz leo heinrichs georg michalczyk wolfgang payer wolfram dietsche klaus boehlke gerd hohner josef wildgruber 2002 waxes ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry weinheim wiley vch doi 10 1002 14356007 a28_103 isbn 3 527 30673 0 1 2 3 yermanos d m 1979 jojoba a crop whose time has come california agriculture 1 2 brooks william h september 1978 jojoba a north american desert shrub its ecology possible commercialization and potential as an introduction into other arid regions journal of arid environments 1 3 227 236 bibcode 1978jaren 1 227b doi 10 1016 s0140 1963 18 31725 7 borlaug n 1985 jojoba new crop for arid lands new raw material for industry national academy press bibcode 1985nap book19271n agarwal swati kumari sonu khan suphiya 2023 jojoba simmondsia chinensis neglected and underutilized crops pp 757 779 doi 10 1016 b978 0 323 90537 4 00014 4 isbn 978 0 323 90537 4 nelson m 2001 nitrogen fertilization effects on jojoba seed production industrial crops and products 13 2 145 154 doi 10 1016 s0926 6690 00 00061 3 lazare silit zipori isaac cohen yafit haberman amnon goldshtein eitan ron yonatan rotschild ronen dag arnon 2021 02 01 jojoba pruning new practices to rejuvenate the plant improve yield and reduce alternate bearing scientia horticulturae 277 109793 bibcode 2021schor 27709793l doi 10 1016 j scienta 2020 109793 sánchez marcos avhad mangesh r marchetti jorge m martínez mercedes aracil josé 2016 12 01 jojoba oil a state of the art review and future prospects energy conversion and management 129 293 304 bibcode 2016ecm 129 293s doi 10 1016 j enconman 2016 10 038 al soqeer a m i motawei m al dakhil r el mergawi and n al khalifah 2012 genetic variation and chemical traits of selected new jojoba simmondsia chinensis link schneider genotypes journal of the american oil chemists society 89 1455 1461 https doi org 10 1007 s11746 012 2034 x al obaidi j r m f halabi n s alkhalifah s asanar a a al soqeer m f attia j r al obaidi m f halabi n s alkhalifah s asanar a a al soqeer and m f attia 2017 a review on plant importance biotechnological aspects and cultivation challenges of jojoba plant biological research 50 https doi org 10 1186 s40659 017 0131 x external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to simmondsia chinensis usda plants profile for simmondsia chinensis jojoba calflora database simmondsia chinensis jojoba jepson manual tjm93 treatment of simmondsia chinensis selected families of angiosperms rosidae an explanation of the scientific name newscientist com jojoba oil as biodiesel hort purdue edu alternative field crops manual glossary international jojoba export council archived from the original on 2006 07 20 howser huell january 14 2009 jojoba california s gold 11014 california s gold chapman university huell howser archive uses and benefits of jojoba oils taxon identifiers simmondsia chinensis wikidata q267749 wikispecies simmondsia chinensis apdb 125406 calflora 7623 col 6z23g ecocrop 9786 eol 47130986 eppo smmch feis simchi fna 250101777 gbif old 5361949 grin 105075 inaturalist 79122 ipni 236600 2 irmng 10719294 itis 28030 natureserve 2 145108 ncbi 3999 nzor 9489c639 9410 4fb3 8540 fd950cdeb688 open tree of life 864011 plant list tro 4900022 plants sich powo urn lsid ipni org names 236600 2 tropicos 4900022 wfo wfo 0001219023 simmondsia wikidata q18335750 wikispecies simmondsia apdb 194906 col 7h25 eol 47130985 eppo 1smmg gbif old 2984662 grin 11170 inaturalist 72364 ipni 15918 1 irmng 1040131 itis 28029 ncbi 3998 nzor 78d6b394 9207 4e96 b6d3 dce57628cee7 open tree of life 864019 plants simmo powo urn lsid ipni org names 15918 1 tropicos 40000426 wfo wfo 4000035403 simmondsiaceae wikidata q1191733 wikispecies simmondsiaceae col 626xc eol 4275 eppo 1smmf fna 20284 gbif old 6702 grin 1037 inaturalist 71423 ipni 60459153 2 irmng 114309 itis 500079 ncbi 3997 nzor 0b56923d 40cf 4424 a33d fa392c1a7b0a open tree of life 864021 paleobiology database 55445 powo urn lsid ipni org names 60459153 2 tropicos 42000234 watson dallwitz simmonds wfo wfo 7000000568 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title jojoba oldid 1374201585 categories simmondsiaceae components and derivatives of jojoba crops originating from mexico crops originating from the united states flora of arizona flora of baja california flora of cal...