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ons only for students in particular prestigious universities a company information session for new graduates in japan hiring practices edit in japan most students hunt for jobs before graduation from university or high school seeking informal offers of employment 内定 naitei one year before graduation which will hopefully lead to a formal offer of employment 正式な内定 seishiki na naitei six months later securing them a promise of employment by the time they graduate japanese university students generally begin job hunting all at once in their third year citation needed the government permits companies to begin the selection process and give out informal offers beginning april 1 at the start of the fourth year these jobs are mainly set to begin on april 1 of the following year due to this process attaining a good position as a regular employee at any other time of year or any later in life is extremely difficult citation needed since companies prefer to hire new graduates students who are unsuccessful in attaining a job offer upon graduating often opt to stay in school for another year according to a survey conducted by mynavi nearly 80 of job seekers who had recently graduated from university had difficulty applying for entry level positions in japan 3 this is in contrast to other countries where companies do not generally discriminate against those who have recently graduated citation needed by contrast potential employees in japan are largely judged by their educational background the prestige of the university and high school that a student attends has a marked effect on their ability to find similarly sought after jobs as adults citation needed large companies in particular e g those listed in nikkei 225 prefer to hire new graduates of prestigious universities in bulk to replace retiring workers and groom in house talent and the numbers can vary widely from year to year employers tend to hire a group of people in a mechanical fashion every year one example is toyota the company hired over 1 500 new graduates in 2010 but this number was barely half of the number employed the year before and toyota announced its intention to cut new hires in 2011 further down to 1 200 the company may offer more jobs later on but those who missed out on the current round of hiring will have a slim chance of gaining a position because they will be overshadowed by fresh graduates citation needed according to the nonprofit group lifelink s survey conducted in july 2013 one in five japanese college students thought about committing suicide during the job hunting process 4 the shūkatsu system is under strain due to japan s shrinking population and competition from foreign and nontraditional companies 5 lifetime employment edit shūshin koyō 終身雇用 employment for life is the term for permanent employment in japan it was extremely common in major japanese companies beginning with the first economic successes in the 1920s it continued to be a defining characteristic of japanese corporate culture through the japanese post war economic miracle but its prominence waned after the bursting of the japanese asset price bubble the lost decade and subsequent economic reforms shūshin koyō starts with an event called shinsotsu ikkatsu saiyō simultaneous recruiting of new graduates in which a large cohort of recent university graduates all enter a company at once it gave japanese workers the important feeling of job security as part of japanese management culture and in turn elicited a high degree of company loyalty a high demand for the few available engineers forced companies to bind these employees to the company the collapse of the japanese asset price bubble and the following crisis in the 1990s did not weaken the practice citation needed some critics of lifetime employment hoped that with junichiro koizumi s administration lifetime employment would become less common citation needed they hoped that neoliberal economics policies would result in privatization firing of old and expensive workers and the rise of part time jobs citation needed due to the great recession and the 2008 financial crisis some companies discontinued the practice of shūshin koyō and implement mass layoffs citation needed thus there was less job security as shūshin koyō was challenged citation needed however as noted by researcher koji takahashi in 2019 in the case of regular workers the practice of long term employment is maintained in the sense that both employers and labor unions still seek to avoid making dismissals or voluntary retirement solicitations 6 a 2010 study found that most japanese workers are not in lifetime employment and that at most 20 of workers can be said to have it estimating the precise number is difficult because it is not enshrined in employment contracts 7 criticism edit this custom has been seen to cause many social problems in modern japan students who do not reach a decision about their employment before graduating from university often face great hardships searching for a job after the fact as the majority of japanese companies prefer to hire students scheduled to graduate in the spring in recent years an increasing number of university seniors looking for jobs have chosen to repeat a year to avoid being placed in the previous graduate category by companies under the current system japanese companies penalize students who study overseas or have already graduated citation needed reiko kosugi a research director at the japan institute for labor policy and training criticized this process in a 2006 essay in the asia pacific journal saying if business is in a slump at the point of one s graduation and he cannot get a job this custom produces inequality of opportunity and people in this age bracket tend to remain unemployed for a long time 8 nagoya university professor mitsuru wakabayashi has stated if this custom is joined to permanent employment it produces closed markets of employment where outplacement is hard and the employees tend to obey any and all unreasonable demands made by their companies so as not to be fired 9 yuki honda a professor at the university of tokyo s graduate school of education has said whether they get a job when they graduate decides their whole life ken mogi a japanese brain scientist points out that limiting job opportunities would lead to a human rights issue and that japanese companies cannot secure non traditional competent people in the current job hunting system 10 the strictness of the recruit suits リクルートスーツ 11 hairstyles and even employers demands on how a recruit may sit has been criticized as sexist non binary and transgender individuals also criticize the process as it does not allow for gender variance 12 shūshoku katsudō 就職活動 13 which is abbreviated to shūkatsu 就活 starts in april and ends during the hiring season each year from august to october 14 japanese university students who fail to receive a job offer often must wait a year to repeat the process competing against the following year s graduating students 14 and those graduates are referred to as shūshoku rōnin 就職浪人 borrowing the term for a masterless samurai 15 16 the stress involved has been cited as a factor in suicide in japan 17 13 see also edit japan portal business portal japanese work environment salaryman suicide in japan jaesusaeng references edit fisher phillips korean labor and employment law cross border employer blog archived from the original on 22 october 2014 retrieved 18 october 2014 why japan s shūkatsu job seeking system is changing archived from the original on 22 august 2019 retrieved 22 august 2019 大学と就職 8割の企業が採用しない 既卒の就職活動の厳しい実態 リセマム 17 october 2014 archived from the original on 21 october 2014 retrieved 17 october 2014 otake tomoko 18 october 2013 job hunt stressing students making them suicidal poll the japan times archived from the original on 21 october 2013 retrieved 25 april 2021 why japan s shūkatsu job seeking system is changing bbc mari shibata 21 august 2019 takahashi koji november 2019 long term employment as a social norm an analysis of the jilpt survey on working life 1999 2015 pdf japan labor issues 3 19 12 17 ono hiroshi 1 march 2010 lifetime employment in japan concepts and measurements journal of the japanese and international economies 24 1 1 27 doi 10 1016 j jjie 2009 11 003 hdl 10086 28768 retrieved 5 august 2026 youth employment in japan s economic recovery freeters and neets 5 september 2012 archived from the original on 5 september 2012 the asia pacific journal japan focus 11 may 2006 career development under the lifetime employment system of japanese organizations pdf 30 june 2007 archived from the original pdf on 30 june 2007 pdf bulletin of the faculty of education nagoya university 1988 vol 35 1 20 茂木健一郎氏が日本の新卒一括採用に 人権問題 と批判 ライブドアニュース archived from the original on 4 march 2016 retrieved 13 september 2014 in japanese リクルートスーツの違いは何 就活以外の着用シーンは 2018 06 07 shukatsu sexism the japanese jobseekers fighting discrimination bbc news 17 january 2021 retrieved 17 january 2021 1 2 why japan s shūkatsu job seeking system is changing bbc mari shibata 21 august 2019 1 2 shukatsu sexism the japanese jobseekers fighting discrimination bbc news tom bateman 17 january 2021 akihiko yonekawa beyond polite japanese page 25 kodansha 2001 isbn 4 7700 2773 7 浪人 at japanese english dictionaries プログレッシブ和英中辞典 deprecated link archived 2013 02 18 at archive today or ニューセンチュリー和英辞典 deprecated link archived 2013 02 19 at archive today do stressed millennials spell end for shukatsu japan s notorious graduate recruitment process scmp crystal tai 22 may 2019 external links edit this article s use of external links may not follow wikipedia s policies or guidelines please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references september 2022 learn how and when to remove this message japan s new recruits victims of the japanese style family and japanese style employment in bleak economy japanese students grow frustrated with endless job hunt more universities allowing students to delay graduation due to job shortage link removed japanese graduates finding few jobs ph d s in japan can t find work little recognition for high expertise says mainichi communications survey economic and social data rankings freedom of choice in life hiring practices in japan once drawn to u s universities more japanese students staying home japan offers a lifetime job if hired right out of school japanese jobseekers hold tokyo pep rally v t e employment classifications academic tenure casual contingent work full time job gig worker job sharing part time job self employment side job skilled worker journeyman technician tradesperson independent contractor labour hire temporary work laborer wage labour hiring application background check business networking cover letter curriculum vitae drug testing employment contract employment counsellor executive search list induction programme job fair job fraud job hunting job interview letter of recommendation onboarding overqualification person environment fit personality job fit theory personality hire probation realistic job preview recruitment résumé simultaneous recruiting of new graduates underemployment work at home scheme roles cooperative employee employer internship job labour hire permanent employment supervisor volunteering working class blue collar green collar grey collar pink collar precariat white collar red collar new collar no collar orange collar scarlet collar black collar gold collar career and training apprenticeship artisan master craftsman avocation career assessment career counseling career development coaching creative class education continuing education e learning employability further education graduate school induction training knowledge worker licensure lifelong learning overspecialization practice based professional learning professional association professional certification professional development professional school reflective practice retraining vocational education vocational school vocational university mentorship occupational outlook handbook practice firm profession operator professional tradesman vocation attendance break break room career break coffee badging compassionate leave bereavement leave furlough gap year leave of absence long service leave no call no show sabbatical sick guilt sick leave stress leave tardiness time clock schedules four day week eight hour day 35 hour workweek 996 working hour system flextime hybrid creep on call overtime remote work return to office rto six hour day shift work working time workweek and weekend wages and salaries decoupling of wages from productivity frisch elasticity of labor supply global labor arbitrage labour economics labor share labour supply living wage maximum wage median income minimum wage canada hong kong europe united states national average salary world europe pay bands price elasticity of demand progressive wage singapore overtime rate paid time off performance related pay remuneration salary cap wage growth benefits annual leave casual friday child care disability insurance health insurance life insurance marriage leave parental leave pension by country perk cession sick leave united states take home vehicle well being washing taxes payroll tax tax bracket income tax negative disposable income salary packaging unreported employment safety and health crunch epilepsy and employment human factors and ergonomics karoshi list of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents occupational burnout occupational disease occupational exposure limit occupational health psychology occupational injury occupational noise occupational stress personal protective equipment repetitive strain injury right to sit united states sick building syndrome work accident occupational fatality workers compensation workers right to access the toilet workplace health promotion workplace phobia workplace wellness equal opportunity affirmative action discrimination equal pay for equal work gender pay gap glass ceiling infractions corporate collapses and scandals accounting scandal control fraud corporate behaviour corporate crime exploitation of labour dress code employee handbook employee monitoring evaluation labour law sexual harassment sleeping while on duty wage theft whistleblower workplace bullying workplace harassment workplace incivility willingness boreout careerism civil conscription conscription critique of work dead end job employment rate list job satisfaction mcjob organizational commitment refusal of work slavery bonded labour human trafficking labour camp penal labour peonage truck wages unfree labour wage slavery stay interview workforce work ethic work life interface downshifting slow living workaholic termination at will employment dismissal banishment room constructive dismissal wrongful dismissal employee offboarding employee turnover exit interview labo...