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med forces and mvd attempted to stop the estonian progress towards independence the newly elected legislature of estonia together with an elected grassroots parliament congress of estonia proclaimed the restoration of the independent state of estonia and repudiated soviet legislation large groups of unarmed volunteers went to shield the parliament radio and tv buildings from any attacks by soviet troops through these actions estonia regained its independence without any blood shed 26 independence was declared on the late evening of 20 august 1991 after an agreement between different political parties was reached the next morning soviet troops according to estonian tv attempted to storm tallinn tv tower but were unsuccessful 27 the communist hardliners coup attempt failed amidst mass pro democracy demonstrations in moscow led by boris yeltsin 28 on 22 august 1991 iceland independent country since 1944 announced the establishment of diplomatic relations with estonia and iceland thus became the first foreign country to formally recognize the fully restored independence of estonia in 1991 today a plaque commemorating this event is situated on the outside wall of the foreign ministry which is on islandi väljak 1 or iceland square 1 the plaque reads the republic of iceland was the first to recognize on 22 august 1991 the restoration of the independence of the republic of estonia in estonian icelandic and english some other nations did not recognize the annexation of estonia by the soviet union 29 30 latvia edit part of a series on the history of latvia prehistory kunda culture narva culture corded ware culture amber road aesti baltic finns livonians vends balts latgalians curonians selonians semigallians middle ages principality of jersika principality of koknese tālava livonian crusade livonian brothers of the sword livonian order archbishopric of riga bishopric of courland terra mariana baltic germans early modern period livonian war kingdom of livonia duchy of livonia inflanty voivodeship swedish livonia polish swedish wars 1600 1629 second northern war great northern war duchy of courland and semigallia couronian colonization national awakening governorate of livonia courland governorate vitebsk governorate the first latvian national awakening new current modern latvia latvian riflemen german occupation united baltic duchy latvian socialist soviet republic war of independence 1934 latvian coup d état 1940 soviet occupation nazi occupation the holocaust in latvia 1944 soviet re occupation latvian soviet socialist republic popular front of latvia singing revolution restoration of independence 2008 latvian financial crisis chronology latvia portal v t e during the second half of the 1980s as mikhail gorbachev introduced glasnost and perestroika in the ussr which rolled back restrictions to freedom in the soviet union aversion to the soviet regime had grown into the third latvian national awakening which reached its peak in mid 1988 in 1986 it became widely known to the public that the ussr was planning to build another hydroelectric power plant on latvia s largest river daugava and that a decision had been made to build a metro in riga 31 both of these projects planned by moscow could have led to the destruction of latvia s landscape and cultural and historical heritage in the press journalists urged the public to protest against these decisions the public reacted immediately and in response the environmental protection club was founded on 28 february 1987 during the second half of the 1980s the environmental protection club became one of the most influential mass movements in the region and began to make demands for the restoration of latvia s independence 31 on 14 june 1987 the anniversary of the 1941 deportations the human rights group helsinki 86 which had been founded a year earlier organized people to place flowers at the freedom monument latvia s symbol of independence which was erected in 1935 this is widely cited as the beginning of the national awakening however the latvian song and dance festival of 1985 also had been sometimes named as such for choirs requesting and performing the song gaismas pils conducted by haralds mednis after the main event the song which speaks about the rebirth of a free latvian nation usually a staple of the festival had been removed from the repertoire the conductor disliked by soviet authorities was sidelined at the closing concert he was called from his seat by the choir and gaismas pils was performed airing live on riga television 32 on 1 and 2 june 1988 the writers union held a congress during which the democratization of society latvia s economic sovereignty the cessation of immigration from the ussr the transformation of industry and the protection of latvian language rights were discussed by delegates over the course of this conference for the first time in post war latvia the secret protocol of the molotov ribbentrop pact which had determined latvia s fate after 1939 was publicly acknowledged 3 the congress of the writers union stirred up public opinion and provided an additional stimulus for the general process of national revival 33 in the summer of 1988 two of the most important organizations of the revival period began to assemble themselves the latvian people s front and the latvian national independence movement lnim soon afterwards the more radically inclined citizens congress called for complete non compliance with the representatives of the soviet regime 3 all of these organizations had a common goal the restoration of democracy and independence on 7 october 1988 there was a mass public demonstration calling for latvia s independence and the establishment of a regular judicial order on 8 and 9 october the first congress of the latvian people s front was held this organization which attracted 200 000 members became the main representative of the return to independence 3 on 23 august 1989 the fiftieth anniversary of the molotov ribbentrop pact the people s fronts of all three baltic countries held a huge demonstration of unity the baltic way a 600 kilometre long 373 mi human chain from tallinn through riga to vilnius was assembled this was a symbolic demonstration of the people s call for independence from the soviet union new elections to the supreme soviet took place on 18 march 1990 in which the supporters of independence gained a victory on 4 may 1990 the new supreme soviet of the latvian ssr adopted a motion declaration of independence which called for the restoration of the inter war latvian state and the 1922 constitution in january 1991 however pro communist political forces attempted to restore soviet power with the use of force attempts were made to overthrow the new assembly latvian demonstrators managed to stop the soviet troops from re occupying strategic positions and these events are known as the days of the barricades on 19 august 1991 an unsuccessful attempt at a coup d état took place in moscow when a small group of prominent soviet functionaries failed to regain power due to large pro democracy demonstrations in russia this event resulted in latvia swiftly moving toward independence after the coup s failure the supreme soviet of the latvian republic announced on 21 august 1991 that the transition period to full independence declared on 4 may 1990 had come to an end therefore latvia was proclaimed a fully independent nation whose judicial foundation stemmed back to the statehood that existed before the occupation on 17 june 1940 baltic way participants between cēsis and valmiera participants near ķekava the barricades in riga in 1991 lithuania edit part of a series on the history of lithuania prehistory kunda culture narva culture neman culture corded ware culture baltic tribes yotvingia yotvingians amber road aesti curonians skalvians lithuania proper old lithuanians samogitians selonians middle ages lithuanian land confederation duchy of lithuania grand duchy of lithuania kingdom of lithuania baptism of lithuania jagiellonian period early modern era early elective monarchy deluge and decline three partitions swedish lithuania partitions of the polish lithuanian commonwealth modern era vilna governorate kovno governorate suwalki governorate january uprising lithuanian national awakening kingdom of lithuania wars of independence lithuanian soviet war statehood restored 1940 soviet occupation nazi occupation 1944 soviet re occupation lithuanian soviet socialist republic guerilla war singing revolution independence restored republic of lithuania other topics name of lithuania coat of arms of lithuania list of early lithuanian dukes list of rulers of lithuania list of lithuanian monarchs chronology lithuania portal v t e between 1956 and 1987 open public resistance to the soviet regime was rare it became more persistent in the 1970s and 1980s one example of this could be the kaunas events of 1972 many popular singers often used the poetry of nationalist poets such as bernardas brazdžionis or justinas marcinkevičius as the lyrics of their songs in 1987 the rock march also promoted awareness of the issue among the people 1 in 1987 various organizations mainly environmental ones were founded on 3 june 1988 the sąjūdis a political and social movement was established some initiators of this movement were active members of environmental organizations established in 1987 e g zigmas vaišvila gintaras songaila initially this organization supported the regime but in early autumn of the same year after lithuania wide growth it became an opposing force to the cpl in response to this sąjūdis became a more centralized organization the active nationalist opposition mostly the lithuanian liberty league towards the regime culminated in various public protests the most notorious of them took place on 28 september 1988 which ended up with violent dispersal the resulting public anger caused resignations in the communist party of lithuania including the then first secretary of the party ringaudas songaila who served just over a year and replaced them with more moderate members 34 as the cpl leadership changed it decided to return vilnius cathedral formerly used as a museum of fine arts to the catholic community on 21 october 1988 the national anthem of lithuania and the traditional national tricolore were legalized in lithuania on 18 november 1988 officially replacing the flag and the anthem of the lithuanian soviet socialist republic it was followed by the recognition of the lithuanian language as a state language which meant that it became the sole legal language on an institutional level 35 the latter change was instrumental in the removal of some officials e g nikolai mitkin who served as the second secretary of the cpl but fueled tensions in polish and russian speaking communities it was followed by the gradual rebuilding of national symbols which included erecting or restoring independence monuments throughout the country in late 1988 and 1989 during 1989 various organisations e g the writers union split from the soviet ones prior to the election of the congress of people s deputies of the soviet union sąjūdis media became more restricted but after the defeat of the cpl it won just six seats of 42 other seats were won by sąjūdis supported candidates restrictions were lifted by the end of the year the cpl gave up its power monopoly and agreed to hold free elections for supreme soviet of lithuanian ssr in 1990 which it lost five decades after lithuania was occupied and incorporated into the soviet union lithuania became the first republic to declare its independence from the ussr on 11 march 1990 while estonia and latvia declared soviet rule to have been illegal from the start and since full restoration of independence was not yet feasible started a period of transition towards independence culminating with the failure of the august coup 36 for the same reason almost all nations in the international community except iceland hesitated to recognize independence for lithuania until august 1991 37 the soviet military responded harshly on 13 january 1991 fourteen non violent protesters in vilnius died and hundreds were injured defending the vilnius television tower and the parliament from soviet assault troops and tanks lithuanians refer to the event as day of the defenders of freedom the discipline and courage of its citizens linking arms and singing in the face of tanks and armour piercing bullets avoided a much greater loss of life and showed the world that lithuania s citizens were prepared to defend their national independence 6 international governments began recognizing lithuanian independence after the failure of the coup d état in august 1991 a man with a lithuanian flag in front of a soviet tank 13 january 1991 lithuanian people in šiauliai gorbachev visit 1990 ukmergė s monument of independence lituania restituta restored in 1989 notable protest songs edit the baltics are waking up lithuanian bunda jau baltija latvian atmostas baltija estonian ärgake baltimaad lit lat est brīvību baltijai 38 lat freedom for the baltics dzimtā valoda 38 lat mother tongue ost from the rock opera lāčplēsis lat bear slayer released 1988 manai tautai 38 lat to my nation gaismas pils 39 lat castle of light pūt vējiņi 39 latvian version of a livonian wedding folk song pūgõ tūļ and often used in place of the national anthem during the soviet era lat blow winds saule pērkons daugava 39 lat sun thunder daugava ei ole üksi ükski maa 38 est there is no land alone eestlane olen ja eestlaseks jään 38 est estonian i am and estonian i will be isamaa ilu hoieldes 38 est keeping the beauty of fatherland sind surmani 38 est until i die mingem üles mägedele 38 est let s go up the mountains laisvė canonical perf eurika masytė lt lit freedom palaimink dieve mus lit god bless us dėl tos dainos lit for that song pabudome ir kelkimės lit we woke up now let s get up kokia nuostabi lietuva esi canonical perf kipras mašanauskas lt lit how amazing you are lithuania šaukiu aš tautą canonical perf vytautas kernagis lit i call the nation tėvyne dainų ir artojų canonical perf rondo lt lit homeland of songs and sons of the soil mano mylimoji per pasaulio sniegą canonical perf gintarė jautakaitė lit my beloved through the snow of the world broli neverk lit brother don t cry pīmiņ bruoļ ltg remember brother latgalian awakening song see also edit baltic way dissolution of the soviet union forest brothers nonviolent revolution revolutions of 1989 notes edit 1 2 estonian laulev revolutsioon latvian dziesmotā revolūcija lithuanian dainuojanti revoliucija references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 šmidchens guntis october 2007 national heroic narratives in the baltics as a source for nonviolent political action slavic review 66 3 484 508 doi 10 2307 20060298 issn 0037 6779 jstor 20060298 1 2 3 4 5 perestroika and religious policy in the baltics soviet religious policy in estonia and latvia indiana university press pp 172 199 ret...