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changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 circuit operation toggle circuit operation subsection 1 1 continuous mode 1 2 discontinuous mode 2 reliability and efficiency 3 disadvantages 4 see also 5 references toggle the table of contents single ended primary inductor converter 10 languages العربية català dansk deutsch فارسی français italiano português українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia electrical device figure 1 schematic of sepic the single ended primary inductor converter sepic is a type of dc to dc converter that allows the voltage at its output to be greater than less than or equal to the input voltage the output of a sepic is controlled by the duty cycle of the electronic switch s1 a sepic is essentially a boost converter followed by an inverted buck boost converter while similar to a traditional buck boost converter it has a few advantages it has a non inverted output the output has the same polarity as the input its use of a series capacitor to couple energy from the input to the output allows the circuit to respond more gracefully to a short circuit output and it is capable of true shutdown when the switch s1 is open the output v o drops to 0 v following a fairly hefty transient dump of charge 1 sepics are useful in applications in which a battery voltage can be above and below that of the regulator s intended output for example a single lithium ion battery typically discharges from 4 2 volts to 3 volts if other components require 3 3 volts then a sepic would be effective circuit operation edit the schematic diagram for a basic sepic is shown in figure 1 as with other switched mode power supplies specifically dc to dc converters a sepic exchanges energy between capacitors and inductors in order to convert from one voltage to another the amount of energy exchanged is controlled by switch s1 which is typically a transistor such as a mosfet mosfets offer much higher input impedance and lower voltage drop than bjts and do not require biasing resistors as mosfet switching is controlled by differences in voltage rather than current as with bjts continuous mode edit a sepic is said to be in continuous conduction mode continuous mode if the currents through inductors l1 and l2 never fall to zero during an operating cycle during a sepic s steady state operation the average voltage across capacitor c1 v c1 is equal to the input voltage v in because capacitor c1 blocks direct current dc the average current through it i c1 is zero making inductor l2 the only source of dc load current therefore the average current through inductor l2 i l2 is the same as the average load current and hence independent of the input voltage looking at average voltages the following can be written v i n v l 1 v c 1 v l 2 displaystyle v_ in v_ l1 v_ c1 v_ l2 because the average voltage of v c1 equals v in therefore v l1 v l2 for this reason the two inductors can be wound on the same core which begins to resemble a flyback converter the most basic of the transformer isolated switched mode power supply topologies since the voltages are the same in magnitude their effects on the mutual inductance will be zero assuming the polarity of the windings is correct also since the voltages are the same in magnitude the ripple currents from the two inductors will be equal in magnitude the average currents can be summed as follows average capacitor currents must be zero i d 1 i l 1 i l 2 displaystyle i_ d1 i_ l1 i_ l2 when switch s1 is closed current i l1 increases and the current i l2 goes more negative mathematically it decreases due to arrow direction the energy to increase the current i l1 comes from the input source since s1 is a short while closed and the instantaneous voltage v l1 is approximately v in the voltage v l2 is approximately v c1 therefore d1 is reverse biased and blocks current and capacitor c1 supplies the energy to increase the magnitude of the current in i l2 and thus increase the energy stored in l2 i rl is supplied by c2 the easiest way to visualize this is to consider the bias voltages of the circuit in a dc state then close s1 figure 2 with s1 closed current increases through l1 green and c1 discharges increasing current in l2 red when switch s1 is opened the current i c1 becomes the same as the current i l1 since inductors do not allow instantaneous changes in current the current i l2 will continue in the negative direction in fact it never reverses direction it can be seen from the diagram that a negative i l2 will add to the current i l1 to increase the current delivered to the load using kirchhoff s current law it can be shown that i d1 i c1 i l2 it can then be concluded that while s1 is open power is delivered to the load from both l2 and l1 c1 however is being charged by l1 during this off cycle as c2 by l1 and l2 and will in turn recharge l2 during the following on cycle figure 3 with s1 open current through l1 green and current through l2 red produce current through the load because the potential voltage across capacitor c1 may reverse direction every cycle a non polarized capacitor should be used however a polarized tantalum or electrolytic capacitor may be used in some cases 2 because the potential voltage across capacitor c1 will not change unless the switch is closed long enough for a half cycle of resonance with inductor l2 and by this time the current in inductor l1 could be quite large the capacitor c in has no effect on the ideal circuit s analysis but is required in practical regulator circuits to reduce the effects of parasitic inductance and internal resistance of the power supply the boost buck capabilities of the sepic are possible because of capacitor c1 and inductor l2 inductor l1 and switch s1 create a standard boost converter which generates a voltage v s1 that is higher than v in whose magnitude is determined by the duty cycle of the switch s1 since the average voltage across c1 is v in the output voltage v o is v s1 v in if v s1 is less than double v in then the output voltage will be less than the input voltage if v s1 is greater than double v in then the output voltage will be greater than the input voltage discontinuous mode edit a sepic is said to be in discontinuous conduction mode or discontinuous mode if the current through either of inductors l1 or l2 is allowed to fall to zero during an operating cycle reliability and efficiency edit the voltage drop and switching time of diode d1 is critical to a sepic s reliability and efficiency the diode s switching time needs to be extremely fast in order to not generate high voltage spikes across the inductors which could cause damage to components fast conventional diodes or schottky diodes may be used the resistances in the inductors and the capacitors can also have large effects on the converter efficiency and output ripple inductors with lower series resistance allow less energy to be dissipated as heat resulting in greater efficiency a larger portion of the input power being transferred to the load capacitors with low equivalent series resistance esr should also be used for c1 and c2 to minimize ripple and prevent heat build up especially in c1 where the current is changing direction frequently disadvantages edit like the buck boost converter the sepic has a pulsating output current the similar ćuk converter does not have this disadvantage but it can only have negative output polarity unless the isolated ćuk converter is used since the sepic converter transfers all its energy via the series capacitor a capacitor with high capacitance and current handling capability is required the fourth order nature of the converter also makes the sepic converter difficult to control making it only suitable for very slowly varying applications see also edit switched mode power supply smps dc to dc converter buck converter boost converter buck boost converter flyback converter ćuk converter references edit maniktala sanjaya switching power supply design optimization mcgraw hill new york 2005 sepic equations and component ratings maxim integrated products appnote 1051 2005 tm sepic converter in pfc pre regulator stmicroelectronics application note an2435 this application note presents the basic equation of the sepic converter in addition to a practical design example high frequency power converters intersil corporation application note an9208 april 1994 this application note covers various power converter architectures including the various conduction modes of sepic converters erickson robert warren 1997 fundamentals of power electronics chapman hall zhang dongbing april 2013 may 2006 an 1484 designing a sepic converter pdf application report texas instruments retrieved 6 june 2026 v t e electronic components semiconductor devices mos transistors transistor nmos pmos bicmos biofet chemical field effect transistor chemfet complementary mos cmos depletion load nmos fin field effect transistor finfet floating gate mosfet fgmos insulated gate bipolar transistor igbt isfet ldmos mos field effect transistor mosfet multi gate field effect transistor mugfet power mosfet thin film transistor tft vmos umos qfet tunnel field effect transistor tfet high electron mobility transistor hemt rf cmos native transistor other transistors bipolar junction transistor bjt darlington transistor diffused junction transistor field effect transistor fet junction gate fet jfet organic fet ofet light emitting transistor let pentode transistor point contact transistor programmable unijunction transistor put static induction transistor sit tetrode transistor nanoscale vacuum channel transistor nvct single electron transistor set heterojunction bipolar transistor hbt mesfet heterostructure emitter bipolar transistor hebt itfet avalanche transistor junctionless nanowire transistor jlnt schottky transistor spin transistor ballistic collection transistor ballistic deflection transistor bdt drift field transistor organic electrochemical transistor oect spacistor surface barrier transistor synaptic transistor oxide thin film transistor nomfet grown junction transistor eosfet alloy junction transistor fe fet dna field effect transistor dnafet diodes avalanche diode shockley diode selenium rectifier fast diode single photon avalanche diode spad constant current diode cld crd gunn diode varicap impatt diode metal insulator metal diode mim diode transient voltage suppression diode tvs diode laser diode ld light emitting diode led organic light emitting diode oled photodiode pin diode p n diode tunnel diode avalanche photodiode apd solar cell multi junction solar cell mj hybrid solar cell schottky junction solar cell plasmonic solar cell heterojunction solar cell hjt schottky diode step recovery diode srd zener diode resonant tunneling diode rtd photoreflector backward diode geometric diode lr diode chua s diode baritt diode stabistor phosphorescent organic light emitting diode pholed thin film diode superluminescent diode sld josephson diode hole accumulation diode had silicon photomultiplier sipm metal rectifier bifacial solar cells bsc integrated circuits hybrid integrated circuit hic mixed signal integrated circuit mos integrated circuit mos ic three dimensional integrated circuit 3d ic photonic integrated circuit pic application specific integrated circuit asic field programmable gate array fpga system on a chip soc other devices diac heterostructure barrier varactor light emitting capacitor lec memistor memristor memtransistor memory cell metal oxide varistor mov organic semiconductor photodetector silicon controlled rectifier scr silicon controlled switch scs solaristor static induction thyristor sith thyristor trancitor triac varicap vertical cavity surface emitting laser vcsel gate turn off thyristor gto integrated gate commutated thyristor igct unijunction transistor ujt quantum cascade laser qcl photoresistor quantum dot display quantum dot solar cell photoelectrochemical cell dye sensitized solar cell plasmonic solar cell quantum dot laser quadrac interband cascade laser icl oscillistor mos composite static induction thyristor csmt mos controlled thyristor mct resistive opto isolator ro emitter turn off thyristor eto trisil quantum well infrared photodetector qwip quantum cascade detector qcd resonant cavity enhanced photo detector rce golay cell hybrid pixel detector semiconductor detector voltage regulators linear regulator low dropout regulator switching regulator buck boost buck boost split pi ćuk sepic charge pump switched capacitor vacuum tubes standard acorn tube audion beam tetrode barretter compactron diode fleming valve neutron tube nonode nuvistor pentagrid hexode heptode octode pentode photomultiplier pmt phototube tetrode triode x ray tube double diode triode additron tube computron tube micropup rf backward wave oscillator bwo cavity magnetron crossed field amplifier cfa gyrotron inductive output tube iot klystron maser sutton tube traveling wave tube twt vircator cathode ray tubes beam deflection tube charactron iconoscope magic eye tube monoscope selectron tube storage tube trochotron video camera tube williams tube gas filled tubes crossatron dekatron ignitron krytron mercury arc valve nixie tube thyratron trigatron voltage regulator tube geiger müller tube wire chamber neon lamp adjustable potentiometer digital variable capacitor varicap passive connector audio and video electrical power rf ferrite antifuse fuse resettable efuse resistor switch thermistor varistor reactive capacitor types ceramic resonator crystal oscillator inductor relay reed relay mercury relay other devices hall effect sensor squid spin valve magnetic tunnel junction mtj planar hall sensor ggnmos wikimedia commons has media related to sepic converters retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title single ended_primary inductor_converter oldid 1358065689 categories dc to dc converters voltage regulation hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 6 june 2026 at 10 20 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety 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