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as also a time of flourishing arts and culture advancement in technology and the spread of mahayana buddhism and daoism the period saw large scale migration of han chinese to the lands south of the yangtze the period came to an end with the unification of all of china proper by emperor wen of the sui dynasty during this period the process of sinicization accelerated among the non han arrivals in the north and among the indigenous people in the south this process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of buddhism introduced into china in the first century and daoism in both northern and southern china 7 tang dynasty edit during the eighth and ninth centuries in the tang dynasty chinese male soldiers moved into guizhou formerly romanized as kweichow and married native non chinese women their descendants being known as lao han jen original chinese in contrast to new chinese people who colonized guizhou at later times they still spoke an archaic dialect as of 1929 8 many immigrants to guizhou were descended from these soldiers in garrisons who married non chinese women 9 yuan dynasty edit the mongol led yuan dynasty appointed a muslim from bukhara sayyid ajall shams al din omar as governor of yunnan after conquering the bai led dali kingdom sayyid ajall is best known among chinese for helping sinicize yunnan province 10 the promotion of islam confucianism and buddhism would be part of his civilizing mission upon the non han chinese peoples in yunnan who he viewed as backward and barbarian 11 12 he founded a chinese style city called zhongjing cheng where modern kunming is today and ordered that a buddhist temple two mosques and a confucian temple be built in the city 13 14 the latter temple built in 1274 and doubled as a school was the first confucian temple ever to be built in yunnan 15 by incorporating chinese and consequently confucian thought in the dynasty scholars now deem kublai khan as an adopted chinese citizen of mongol ethnicity rather than simply being mutually excluded from the definition of fellow chinese he governed 16 as such sayyid ajall would be the one to introduce confucian education rituals and traditions into yunnan including chinese social structures funeral rituals and marriage customs 11 17 he would go on to construct numerous confucian temples throughout his reign 18 19 20 confucian rituals were taught to students in newly founded schools by sichuanese scholars 21 22 the natives of yunnan were instructed by sayyid ajall in such confucian ceremonies as weddings matchmaking funerals ancestor worship and kowtow the native leaders had their barbarian clothing replaced by clothing given to them by sayyid ajall as well 22 23 the governor was praised and described as making the orangutans and butcherbirds become unicorns and phoenixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps by he hongzuo the regional superintendent of confucian studies 24 sayyid ajall would also be the first to bring islam to the area and thus the widespread presence of islam in yunnan is credited to his work 25 both marco polo and rashid al din vatvat recorded that yunnan was heavily populated by muslims during the yuan dynasty with rashid naming a city with all muslim inhabitants as the great city of yachi 26 it has been suggested that yachi was dali city ta li which had many hui people 27 sayyid ajall s son nasir al din became governor of yunnan in 1279 after his death 28 29 historian jacqueline armijo hussein has written on sayyid ajall s confucianization and sinicization policies in various papers including in her dissertation sayyid ajall shams al din a muslim from central asia serving the mongols in china and bringing civilization to yunnan 1997 30 and in the origins of confucian and islamic education in southwest china yunnan in the yuan period n d 31 and the sinicization and confucianization in chinese and western historiography of a muslim from bukhara serving under the mongols in china 1989 32 ming dynasty edit main articles ming conquest of yunnan and miao rebellions in the ming dynasty during the ming conquest of yunnan chinese military soldiers were settled in yunnan and many married the native women qing dynasty edit the rulers of the qing dynasty were ethnic manchus who adopted the norms of the mandate of heaven to justify their rule the orthodox historical view emphasized the power of han chinese to sinicize their conquerors although more recent research such as the new qing history school revealed manchu rulers were savvy in their manipulation of their subjects and from the 1630s through at least the 18th century the emperors developed a sense of manchu identity and used central asian models of rule as much as confucian ones there is also evidence of sinicization however for example manchus originally had their own separate style of naming from the han chinese but eventually adopted han chinese naming practices manchu names consisted of more than the two or one syllable chinese names and when phonetically transcribed into chinese they made no sense at all 33 the meaning of the names that manchus used were also very different from the meanings of chinese names 34 the manchus also gave numbers as personal names 35 historical records report that as early as 1776 the qianlong emperor was shocked to see a high manchu official guo ermin not understand what the emperor was telling him in manchu despite coming from the manchu stronghold of shengjing now shenyang 36 by the 19th century even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language the jiaqing emperor reigned 1796 1820 complained that his officials were not proficient at understanding or writing manchu 37 eventually the qing royal family the aisin gioro gave their children chinese names which were separate from the manchu names and even adopted the chinese practice of generation names although its usage was inconsistent and error ridden at the beginning of the nineteenth century the manchu royal family stopped using manchu names 38 the niohuru family of the manchu changed their family name to lang which sounded like wolf in chinese since wolf in manchu was niohuru thus forming a translation 39 although the manchus replaced their manchu names with chinese personal names the manchu bannermen followed their traditional practice in typically used their first personal name to address themselves and not their last name while han chinese bannermen used their last name and first in normal chinese style 40 41 usage of surnames was not traditional to the manchu while it was to the han chinese 42 nguyễn dynasty vietnam edit main article sinicization of vietnam the vietnamese nguyễn emperor minh mạng sinicized ethnic minorities such as khmers chams and montagnards claimed the legacy of confucianism and china s han dynasty for vietnam 43 directing his policies at the khmers and hill tribes 44 minh mang declared that we must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated and that they will daily become more infected by han sino vietnamese customs 45 moreover he would use the term han 漢人 to refer to the vietnamese people 43 and the name trung quốc 中國 the same chinese characters as for china to refer to vietnam 46 likewise the lord nguyễn phúc chu had referred to vietnamese as han people in 1712 when differentiating between vietnamese and chams 47 chinese clothing was also adopted by the vietnamese people variations of them are still being used today 48 49 50 51 republic of china edit ma clique edit hui muslim general ma fuxiang created an assimilationist group and encouraged the integration of muslims into chinese society 52 ma fuxiang was a hardcore assimilationist and said that hui should assimilate into han 53 contemporary edit further information national ethnic affairs commission hong kong and macau edit main article hong kong mainland china conflict xinjiang edit main articles xinjiang conflict xinjiang internment camps and persecution of uyghurs in china the hui muslim 36th division national revolutionary army governed the southern region of xinjiang in 1934 1937 the administration that was set up was colonial in nature importing han cooks and baths 54 changing the uyghur language only street names and signs to chinese as well as switching carpet patterns in state owned carpet factories from uyghur to han 55 strict surveillance and mass detentions of uyghurs in the xinjiang internment camps is a part of the ongoing sinicization policy by the chinese communist party ccp 56 since 2015 it has been estimated that over a million uyghurs have been detained in these camps 57 58 59 60 the camps were established under ccp general secretary xi jinping s administration with the main goal of ensuring adherence to national ideology 61 critics of china s treatment of uyghurs have accused the chinese government of propagating a policy of sinicization in xinjiang in the 21st century calling this policy a cultural genocide or ethnocide of uyghurs 62 63 64 65 taiwan edit after the republic of china took control of taiwan from the empire of japan in 1945 and relocated its capital to taipei in 1949 the intention of chiang kai shek was to eventually go back to mainland china and retake control of it chiang believed that to retake mainland china it would be necessary to re sinicize taiwan s inhabitants who had undergone assimilation under japanese rule examples of this policy included the renaming of japanese named streets with mainland geographical names the use of mandarin chinese in schools and punishments for using other regional chinese languages or dialects such as hakka and hokkien and teaching students to revere traditional ethics develop pan chinese nationalism and view taiwan from the perspective of china 66 67 other reasons for the policy were to combat the japanese influences on the culture that had occurred in the previous 50 years and to help unite the recent immigrants from mainland china that had come to taiwan with the kmt and among whom there was a tendency to be more loyal to one s city county or province than to china as a nation 68 the process of re asserting non chinese identity as in the case of ethnic groups in taiwan is sometimes known as desinicization this is an issue in for example the taiwan independence movement and taiwan localization movements australian and taiwanese scholars argue that the process of nation building in the roc and the prc were both han centric but the mainland continues to marginalize minority groups while post chiang taiwan has become more tolerant and inclusive 69 tibet edit main article sinicization of tibet see also antireligious campaigns of the chinese communist party the sinicization of tibet is the change of tibetan society to han chinese standards by means of state propaganda police presence cultural assimilation religious persecution immigration population transfer land development land transfer and political reform 70 71 72 73 according to the u s branch of the offices of tibet it has been underway since the chinese regained control of tibet in 1951 74 sources quoted by radio free asia have stated that in present day tibet traditional tibetan festivals have been turned into a platform for propaganda and political theater where government workers and retirees are barred from engaging in religious activities and government workers and students in tibetan schools are forbidden from visiting local monasteries 75 religion edit see also antireligious campaigns of the chinese communist party in april 2016 ccp general secretary xi jinping declared that to actively guide the adaptation of religions to socialist society an important task is supporting china s religions persistence in the direction of sinicization 76 77 he later reiterated this plan to the 19th communist party congress saying we will fully implement the party s basic policy on religious affairs insist on the sinicization of chinese religions and provide active guidance for religion and socialism to coexist 76 78 christianity and islam alongside with the already sinicized buddhism are classified as universalizing religions this means that their teachings and precepts are not limited to a specific people or culture and assimilation into new cultures is already something expected in these religious traditions protestantism edit the three self patriotic movement tspm of protestant churches in china has described the boxer rebellion and the anti christian movement of 1922 1927 as early efforts to sinicize christianity 79 the tspm and china christian council arranged a conference in shanghai on august 4 6 2014 commemorating the anniversary of the tspm this conference included a seminar on the sinicizaton of christianity with fu xianwei chairman of the tspm saying churches in china will continue to explore the sinicization of christianity and ensure christianity takes root in the soil of chinese culture ethnicity and society to advance the sinicization of christianity churches will need guidance and support from government agencies in charge of religious affairs 80 81 in 2019 tspm chairman xu xiaohong made a pledge to eliminate any western imprint from chinese faith saying we must recognise that chinese churches are surnamed china not the west and no matter how much effort or time it takes our resolution in upholding the sinicisation of protestantism will never change and our determination to walk a path that is adapted to a socialist society will never waver 79 in december 2023 wang huning stated that christian groups must adhere to the direction of the sinicisation of christianity 82 catholicism edit further information catholic church in china in december 2016 the ninth national congress of the chinese catholic representatives reaffirmed their plan for the united front work department s catholic patriotic association to uphold the principle of independence and self governance along with the promotion of sinicization 83 in march 2018 archbishop paul gallagher secretary for relations with states within the holy see s secretariat of state said that two expressions or more precisely two principles stand out which should interact with each other namely sinicization and inculturation i am convinced that an important intellectual and pastoral challenge arises in an almost natural way from the bringing together of these two terms which indicate two real visions of the world 84 85 in june 2018 the bishops conference of the catholic church in china and the catholic patriotic association issued a five year plan on carrying forward the catholic church s adherence to the direction of sinicization in our country 86 87 this document calls for catholics to accept communist party leadership love the motherland and obey the state as well as to embrace the state s directive to implement chinese cultural integration within catholicism churches in hebei province and the yibin diocese of sichuan province began holding training seminars immediately 88...