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arkwright spouses patience holt margaret biggins children richard arkwright junior susannah arkwright signature sir richard arkwright 23 december 1732 3 august 1792 was an english inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early industrial revolution he is credited as the driving force behind the development of the spinning frame known as the water frame after it was adapted to use water power and he patented a rotary carding engine to convert raw cotton to cotton lap prior to spinning he was the first to develop factories housing both mechanised carding and spinning operations a arkwright s achievement was to combine power machinery semi skilled labour and the new raw material of cotton to create mass produced yarn his organisational skills earned him the accolade father of the modern industrial factory system 1 notably through the methods developed in his mill at cromford derbyshire now preserved as part of the derwent valley mills world heritage site life and family edit susannah arkwright mrs charles hurt 1762 1835 and her daughter mary anne painting by joseph wright of derby richard arkwright was born in preston lancashire england on 23 december 1732 the youngest of seven surviving children his father thomas was a tailor and a preston guild burgess richard s parents sarah and thomas could not afford to send him to school and instead arranged for him to be taught to read and write by his cousin ellen he was apprenticed to a mr nicholson a barber at the nearby town of kirkham and began his working life as a barber and wig maker setting up a shop at churchgate in bolton in the early 1760s 2 it was here that he invented a waterproof dye for use on the fashionable periwigs of the time the income from which later funded his prototype cotton machinery arkwright married his first wife patience holt in 1755 they had a son richard arkwright junior who was born the same year patience died in 1756 and then in 1761 arkwright aged 29 married margaret biggins they had three children of whom only susannah survived to adulthood at some time after the death of his first wife arkwright became interested in the development of carding and spinning machinery to replace hand labour in the conversion of raw cotton to thread for weaving citation needed spinning frame edit in 1768 arkwright and john kay a clockmaker 3 returned to preston renting rooms in a house on stoneygate now called arkwright house where they worked on a spinning machine in 1769 arkwright patented the spinning frame a machine which produced twisted threads initially for warps only using wooden and metal cylinders rather than human fingers this machine initially powered by horses see below greatly reduced the cost of cotton spinning and would lead to major changes in the textile industry citation needed carding engine edit lewis paul had invented a machine for carding in 1748 arkwright made improvements to this machine and in 1775 took out a patent for a new carding engine which converted raw cotton to a continuous skein prior to spinning 4 the machine used a succession of uneven rollers rotating at increasingly higher speeds to draw out the roving before applying a twist via a bobbin and flyer mechanism it could make cotton thread thin and strong enough for the warp threads of cloth citation needed cromford mill edit arkwright and john smalley of preston set up a small horse driven factory at nottingham to obtain capital for expansion arkwright formed a partnership with jedediah strutt and samuel need wealthy nonconformist hosiery manufacturers in 1771 the partners built the world s first water powered mill at cromford which covered both carding and spinning operations and employed 200 people citation needed arkwright s mill at cromford in 1776 arkwright built a second larger mill at cromford and soon afterwards mills at bakewell wirksworth and elsewhere see below his success as a businessman and innovator was widely recognized in his own time the spinning frame was a large advance over hargreaves s spinning jenny in that very little training was required to operate the machinery which produced a strong yarn suitable for warp threads citation needed grand patent edit to strengthen his position in relation to his many competitors and emulators arkwright obtained a grand patent in 1775 which he hoped would consolidate his position within the fast growing cotton industry public opinion however was bitterly hostile to exclusive patents and in 1781 arkwright initiated legal proceedings to assert his rights the case dragged on in court until 1785 when it was finally settled against him on the grounds that his specifications were deficient the court had also heard assertions that the spinning frame was actually the invention of arkwright s employee john kay or of thomas highs kay s previous employer citation needed factories and the factory system edit masson mill on the river derwent and arkwright s house willersley castle completed only after his death with the expansion of the mill at cromford it soon became apparent that the existing population of the town would be inadequate to provide the labour needed for the scale of operations which arkwright was planning he therefore brought in workers from outside the locality building a cluster of cottages near the mill to house them he also built the greyhound public house which still stands in cromford market square stuart fisher states that the workers homes are now considered to be the first factory housing development in the world 5 arkwright instigated novel and highly disciplined working arrangements at cromford work was organised in two 13 hour shifts per day including an overlap for the change of shift bells rang at 5 am and 5 pm and the gates were shut precisely at 6 am and 6 p m anyone who was late was excluded from work for the rest of the day and lost an extra day s pay arkwright encouraged weavers with large families to move to cromford whole families were employed including large numbers of children as young as seven subsequently increased to ten and towards the end of his tenure nearly two thirds of the 1 150 employees were children he allowed employees a week s holiday a year on condition that they did not travel beyond the town 6 after establishing the mill at cromford arkwright returned to lancashire and took up a lease of the birkacre mill at chorley which was to become a catalyst for the town s growth into one of the most important industrialised towns of the industrial revolution in 1777 arkwright leased the haarlem mill in wirksworth derbyshire where he installed the first steam engine to be used in a cotton mill this was used to replenish the millpond that drove the mill s waterwheel rather than to drive the machinery directly 7 8 he was invited to scotland where he assisted david dale in establishing cotton mills at new lanark a large mill of arkwright s at birkacre in lancashire was destroyed in the anti machinery riots of 1779 citation needed later life edit aggressive and self sufficient arkwright was a difficult man to work with he bought out all his partners and went on to build factories at manchester matlock bath new lanark in partnership with david dale and elsewhere he was a member of the church of england unlike many entrepreneurs of the time who were often nonconformist citation needed arkwright served as high sheriff of derbyshire and was knighted in 1786 9 he also built willersley castle now a grade ii listed building in 1791 after a fire in 1792 it was rebuilt and occupied by his son richard arkwright junior starting in 1796 10 arkwright died at rock house cromford on 3 august 1792 aged 59 leaving a fortune of 500 000 63 049 213 31 as of 2025 11 he was buried at st giles church matlock his remains were later moved to the family chapel near the castle now st mary s church cromford 12 13 memorials edit blue plaque marking the occupancy by arkwright in adam street london richard arkwright s barber shop in churchgate bolton was demolished early in the 20th century there is a small plaque above the door of the building that replaced it recording arkwright s occupancy citation needed a greater london council blue plaque unveiled in 1984 commemorates arkwright at 8 adam street in charing cross london 14 arkwright lived at rock house in cromford opposite his original mill in 1788 he purchased an estate from william nightingale the father of florence nightingale for 20 000 and set about building willersley castle for himself and his family however just as the building was completed it was destroyed by fire and arkwright was forced to wait a further two years whilst it was rebuilt he died aged 59 in 1792 never having lived in the castle which was completed only after his death after being a hotel owned by the christian guild company 15 willersley castle now belongs to outdoor adventure education company manor adventure 16 the arkwright society set up after the bicentenary of cromford mill owns the mill complex and has worked to restore it 17 derwent valley mills including this site was declared by historic england as one of the country s 100 irreplaceable sites 18 it is also the centrepiece of the derwent valley mills unesco world heritage site the arkwright scholarships trust was set up in the uk in 1991 in arkwright s memory to give scholarships to aspiring future leaders in engineering and technical design by 2014 the trust was awarding approximately 400 scholarships annually to support students through their a levels and scottish highers and to assist young people undertaking higher level apprenticeships and university engineering studies it had awarded over 5 000 scholarships as of mid 2020 19 notes edit samuel crompton was later to combine the two in his spinning mule references edit citations edit sir richard arkwright 1732 1792 bbc retrieved 1 april 2017 smiles samuel 1861 self help with illustrations of character and conduct boston ticknor and fields p 47 retrieved 21 december 2018 self help samuel smiles musson a e robinson e june 1960 the origins of engineering in lancashire the journal of economic history 20 2 cambridge university press economic history association 209 233 doi 10 1017 s0022050700110435 jstor 2114855 s2cid 154008652 ivo goldstein kristina milković enrico craveto eds n d 2008 povijest 12 kolonijalizam i građanske revolucije in croatian translated by ana bedurina zagreb europapress holding p 67 isbn 978 953 300 046 6 fisher stuart 12 january 2017 the canals of britain the comprehensive guide bloomsbury publishing p 77 isbn 978 1 4729 4002 5 maclean charles 2015 spirit of place london frances lincoln p 69 isbn 978 0 7112 3891 6 fitton 1989 p 57 tann 1979 p 248 evans eric 1983 the forging of the modern state early industrial britain longman group p 112 isbn 0 582 48970 9 keel toby 24 august 2020 a castle that might just pay for itself has come to the market in one of england s most beautiful areas country life retrieved 30 august 2020 bank of england inflation calculator bank of england archived from the original on 28 november 2025 retrieved 1 december 2025 famous people of derbyshire visit derbyshire archived from the original on 18 april 2008 retrieved 21 april 2008 thornber craig richard arkwright retrieved 21 april 2008 arkwright sir richard 1732 1792 english heritage retrieved 31 december 2018 willersley castle hotel christian guild retrieved 21 april 2008 residential activity courses for schools in the uk france manoradventure com retrieved 17 september 2021 about cromford mills retrieved 14 october 2025 historic england angel awards historic england historicengland org uk retrieved 14 october 2025 arkwright engineering scholarships smallpeice trust www smallpeicetrust org uk 10 august 2025 retrieved 14 october 2025 bibliography edit chapman s d 1967 the early factory masters the transition to the factory system in the midlands textile industry cooke a j 1979 richard arkwright and the scottish cotton industry textile history 10 196 202 doi 10 1179 004049679793691394 fitton r s 1989 the arkwrights spinners of fortune manchester manchester university press isbn 0 7190 2646 6 wadsworth a p 1958 the strutts and the arkwrights 1758 1830 a study of the early factory system manchester manchester university press hewish john 1987 from cromford to chancery lane new light on the arkwright patent trials technology and culture 28 1 80 86 doi 10 2307 3105478 jstor 3105478 s2cid 113203814 hills richard l 1970 sir richard arkwright and his patent granted in 1769 notes and records of the royal society of london 24 2 254 260 doi 10 1098 rsnr 1970 0017 jstor 531292 mason j j 2004 arkwright sir richard 1732 1792 oxford dictionary of national biography tann jennifer 1973 richard arkwright and technology history 58 192 29 44 doi 10 1111 j 1468 229x 1973 tb02131 x 1970 the development of the factory 1979 arkwright s employment of steam power business history 21 2 247 250 doi 10 1080 00076797900000030 issn 0007 6791 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to richard arkwright wikiquote has quotations related to richard arkwright finlayson henderson thomas 1885 arkwright richard 1732 1792 dictionary of national biography vol 2 arkwright sir richard encyclopædia britannica 11th ed 1911 arkwright richard the american cyclopædia 1879 richard arkwright 1732 1792 inventor of the water frame richard arkwright the father of the modern factory system biography and legacy essay on arkwright richard arkwright cotton king revolutionary players website derwent valley mills world heritage site the new student s reference work arkwright sir richard descendants of sir richard arkwright richard arkwright in derbyshire lancashire pioneers includes an obituary of arkwright from 1792 the arkwright scholarships trust named after sir richard awards prestigious scholarships to aspiring future leaders in engineering and design in the uk v t e derby museum and art gallery artists francis leggatt chantrey ernest ellis clark w j coffee derby sketching club harry fidler harold gresley count holtzendorff richard hurleston alfred john keene henry lark pratt david payne ronald pope samuel rayner louise rayner thomas smith william tate ernest townsend george turner joseph wright of derby geology ashford black marble john farey william martin matlockite john mawe white watson john whitehurst decorative arts bonnie prince charlie room military history 9th 12th royal lancers william goate robert kells francis o grenfell david rushe david spence gen johnson saving officer from tomahawk natural history allenton hippo king of rome william richardson linton william hunt painter joseph whittaker joseph wright paintings and drawings richard arkwright grotto in the gulf of salerno a philosopher lecturing on the orrery indian widow romeo and juliet the tomb scene miravan breaking open the tomb of his ancestors the alchemist discovering phosphorus virgil s tomb the blacksmith s shop the earthstopper a philoso...