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sister group wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 definition 2 example 3 notes 4 references toggle the table of contents sister group 35 languages العربية беларуская bosanski català čeština deutsch esperanto español فارسی français frysk galego interlingua bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 taqbaylit 한국어 bahasa melayu plattdüütsch nederlands norsk bokmål polski português русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english српски srpski seeltersk தமிழ் türkçe українська tiếng việt 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia closest relative s of a given taxon in a phylogenetic tree in phylogenetics a sister group or sister taxon also called an adelphotaxon 1 comprises the closest relative s of another given unit in an evolutionary tree 2 definition edit the expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram sister group relationships root subtree taxon a taxon b clade ab taxon c clade abc more tree branches taxon a and taxon b are sister groups to each other taxa a and b together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor mrca note 1 form a monophyletic group the clade ab clade ab and taxon c are also sister groups taxa a b and c together with all other descendants of their mrca form the clade abc the whole clade abc is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships both among the leaves and among larger more deeply rooted clades the tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life in cladistic standards taxa a b and c may represent specimens species genera or any other taxonomic units if a and b are at the same taxonomic level terminology such as sister species or sister genera can be used example edit a dinosauria phylogeny including two extant taxa birds theropoda and crocodiles suchia the term sister group is used in phylogenetic analysis however only groups identified in the analysis are labeled as sister groups an example is birds whose commonly cited living sister group is the crocodiles but that is true only when discussing extant organisms 3 4 when other extinct groups are considered the relationship between birds and crocodiles appears distant although the bird family tree is rooted in the dinosaurs there were a number of other earlier groups such as the pterosaurs that branched off the line leading to the dinosaurs after the last common ancestor of birds and crocodiles 5 the term sister group must thus be seen as a relative term with the caveat that the sister group is only the closest relative among the groups species specimens that are included in the analysis 6 notes edit a tree diagram inevitably oversimplifies the complicated process of evolution references edit ultrastructural evidence for an adelphotaxon sister group to the neodermata platyhelminthes eernisse douglas j introduction to phylogeny what is a sister taxon biology 404 evolution department of biological science california state university fullerton retrieved 4 january 2012 padian kevin lindberg david r polly paul david may 1994 cladistics and the fossil record the uses of history annual review of earth and planetary sciences 22 1 63 89 bibcode 1994areps 22 63p doi 10 1146 annurev ea 22 050194 000431 kemp t s january 1988 haemothermia or archosauria the interrelationships of mammals birds and crocodiles zoological journal of the linnean society 92 1 67 104 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1988 tb01527 x hughes j m 2011 06 13 ancient bird crocodilian ancestor uncovered aves vitae the lives of birds archived from the original on 26 april 2012 retrieved 4 january 2012 podani jános 2010 taxonomy in evolutionary perspective an essay on the relationships between taxonomy and evolutionary theory synbiologia hungarica 5 1 42 v t e phylogenetics relevant fields computational phylogenetics molecular phylogenetics cladistics taxonomy evolutionary taxonomy systematics evolutionary biology portal basic concepts phylogenesis cladogenesis phylogenetic tree cladogram phylogenetic network long branch attraction clade vs grade lineage ghost lineage ghost population inference methods maximum parsimony phylogenetic reconciliation probabilistic methods maximum likelihood bayesian inference distance matrix methods neighbor joining upgma least squares three taxon analysis current topics phylocode dna barcoding molecular phylogenetics phylogenetic comparative methods phylogenetic niche conservatism phylogenetic signal phylogenetics software phylogenomics phylogeography group traits primitive plesiomorphy symplesiomorphy derived apomorphy synapomorphy autapomorphy group types monophyly paraphyly polyphyly nomenclature phylogenetic nomenclature crown group sister group basal supertree category commons retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title sister_group oldid 1340271676 categories evolutionary biology phylogenetics biological classification taxa hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata pages using small with an empty input parameter this page was last edited on 24 february 2026 at 20 43 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to 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