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idae are distinguished by a stiff snout and a rostrum that is not reduced 3 4 taxonomy and systematics edit evolution edit skates belong to the ancient lineage of cartilaginous fishes fossil denticles tooth like scales in the skin resembling those of today s chondrichthyans date at least as far back as the ordovician with the oldest unambiguous fossils of cartilaginous fish dating from the middle devonian a clade within this diverse family the neoselachii emerged by the triassic with the best understood neoselachian fossils dating from the jurassic this clade is represented today by sharks sawfish rays and skates 5 the body plan of skates is caused by skate specific genomic rearrangements that have altered the three dimensional regulatory landscape of genes these changes arose about 286 221 million years ago when skates diverged from sharks 6 classification edit the skate belongs to the class chondrichthyes this class consists of all the cartilaginous fishes including sharks and stingrays chondrichthyes is divided into two subclasses of which elasmobranchii includes skates rays and sharks skates are the most diverse elasmobranch group comprising over 20 of the known species the number of species is likely to increase as taxonomic issues are resolved and new species are identified 7 the following genera recognized in the family rajidae 8 amblyraja malm 1877 beringraja ishihara treloar bor senou jeong 2012 breviraja bigelow schroeder 1948 caliraja ebert 2022 dactylobatus bean weed 1909 dentiraja whitley 1940 dipturus rafinesque 1810 hongeo jeong nakabo 2009 leucoraja malm 1877 malacoraja stehmann 1970 neoraja mceachran compagno 1982 okamejei ishiyama 1958 orbiraja last weigmann dumale 2016 raja linnaeus 1758 rajella stehmann 1970 rostroraja hulley 1972 spiniraja whitley 1939 zearaja whitley 1939 skates have more valid species than any other group of cartilaginous fishes citation needed since 1950 126 new species of skates have been discovered five scientists take credit for the rapid increase of findings citation needed the rajidae are considered monophyletic because of their similarity in appearance there are 18 genera 8 and about 250 valid species however there is little information about the diets of about 24 of these species there are at least 45 dubious species of skates worldwide 9 description edit general batoidea characteristics edit skates are cartilaginous fishes like other chondrichthyes however skates like rays and other rajiformes have a flat body shape with flat pectoral fins that extend the length of their body 10 this structure creates power for forward propulsion providing the emergence swimming capabilities that enabled skates to colonize the sea floor 6 a large portion of the skate s dorsal body is covered by rough skin made of placoid scales placoid scales have a pointed tip that is oriented caudally and are homologous to teeth their mouths are located on the underside of the body with a jaw suspension common to batoids known as euhyostyly 11 skate s gill slits are located ventrally as well but dorsal spiracles allow the skate to be partially buried in floor sediment and still complete respiratory exchange 12 also located on the dorsal side of the skate are their two eyes which allow for predator awareness 10 in addition to their pectoral fins skates have a first and second dorsal fin caudal fin and paired pelvic fins distinct from their rhomboidal shape is a long fleshy slender tail while skate anatomy is similar to other batoidea features such as their electric organ and mermaid s purse create clear distinctions full view of a skate s mermaid s purse roughly 125 mm in length skate specific characteristics edit mermaid s purse edit main article mermaid s purse skates produce their young in an egg case called a mermaid s purse these egg cases have distinct characteristics that are individualized to each species 13 7 this makes a great tool for identifying different species of skates one of these identifiable structures is the keel the keel is a flexible ridge that runs along the outside of the structure another characteristic is the number of embryos in the egg case some species contain only one embryo while others can have up to seven the size of the fibrous shell around the case is another characteristic some species have thick layers on the exterior electric organ edit the fibers of the skate electric organ are embedded in the muscles located lateral to the notochord in the tail the electric organ is a characteristic exclusive to aquatic species among the chondrichthyes the only groups to possess electric organs are the electric ray and the skates unlike many other electrogenic fishes skates are unique in having paired electric organs which run longitudinally through the tail in the lateral musculature of the notochord 14 the impulses put out by the electric organs of the skate are considered to be weak asynchronous long lasting signals 15 although the anatomy of the skate s electric organ is well described its function is poorly understood some research suggests the electric impulses are too weak to be a mechanism used for defense or hunting it is also too irregular to be useful for electrolocation purposes 15 the most reasonable explanation in the literature suggests that the electric organ discharges may be used as a form of communication used for reproduction purposes 15 distribution and habitats edit skates are primarily found from the intertidal down to depths greater than 3 000 m 9 843 ft 9 they are most commonly found along outer continental shelves and upper slopes 16 they are typically more diverse at higher latitudes and in deep water in fact skates are the only cartilaginous fish taxon to exhibit more diversity of species at higher latitudes a cool temperate to polar water in the deep sea can be a favorable environment for skates 7 as the water becomes more shallow and warmer skates are seen to be replaced by stingrays skates are absent from brackish and freshwater environments however there is a single estuarine species that has been found in tasmania australia also the connecticut department of environmental protection has caught and studied skates within the long island sound estuary 17 some skate fauna have been found inhabiting areas of rock cobble and high rocky relief behavior and ecology edit reproduction edit a skate laying an egg case mermaid s purse at the san sebastian aquarium four developing embryos located in an opened big skate egg case mermaid s purse skates mate at the same nursery ground each year in order to fertilize the egg males use claspers a structure attached to the pelvic fins the claspers allow them to direct the flow of semen into the female s cloaca skates are oviparous meaning they lay eggs with very little development in the mother this is one major difference from rays which are viviparous meaning they give birth to live young when a female skate is fertilized a protected case forms around the embryo called an egg case or more commonly mermaid s purse this egg case is then deposited out of the mother s body onto the ocean floor where the skates develop for up to 15 months before they enter the external environment diet and feeding edit the majority of skates feed on bottom dwelling animals such as shrimp crab oyster clams and other invertebrates to feed on these animals they have grinding plates in their mouths skates are an influential part of the food webs of demersal marine communities they utilize similar resources to those of other upper trophic level marine predators such as seabirds marine mammals and sharks the flattened body shape ventral eyes and well developed spiracles of the skate allows them to live benthically buried in the sediment or using a longitudinal undulation of the pectoral fins known as rajiform locomotion to glide along the water floor 18 current research suggests that some species of skates in addition to their rajiform locomotion use their pelvic fins to perform ambulatory locomotion 19 this form of locomotion performed by the skate is being explored as a possible origin for our own development of walking by looking for similar neural pathways used for movement between skates and animals walking on land 20 skates versus stingrays edit skates are like stingrays in that they have five pairs of gill slits that are located ventrally which means on the underside of their body unlike sharks that have their gills located on their sides skates and rays both have pectoral fins that are flat and expanded which are typically fused to the head both skates and stingrays typically have their eyes on top of their head skates also share similar feeding habits with rays skates are different from rays in that they lack a whip like tail and stinging spines however some skates have electric organs located in their tail the main difference between skates and rays is that skates lay eggs whereas rays give birth to live young moreover skates can be more abundant than rays and are fished for food in some parts of the world 21 skates swim with their pectoral fins comparison of skates and stingrays superficially skates and stingrays appear somewhat similar skate stingray however there are fundamental differences characteristic skates rays sources reproduction skates are oviparous that is they lay eggs their fertilized eggs are laid in a protective hard case called a mermaid s purse rays are viviparous that is they bear their young inside their bodies and give birth to them alive 22 dorsal fin distinct missing or vestigial 22 pelvic fins fins are divided into two lobes fins have one lobe 23 tail fleshy tails which lack spines whip like with one or two stinging spines 22 23 protection rely on thorny projections on their backs and tails for protection from predators rely on stinging spines or barbs for protection though some such as manta rays lack these 22 teeth small plate like teeth adapted for crushing prey 22 size usually smaller than rays usually larger than skates 22 colour often drab brown or gray but not always often boldly patterned but not always 23 habitat often deep water but not always often shallow water but not always 23 conservation edit skates have slow growth rates and since they mature late low reproductive rates as a result skates are vulnerable to overfishing and appear to have been overfished and are suffering reduced population levels in many parts of the world see also edit jenny haniver a fake sea monster created from a skate carcass hongeohoe a korean dish made from fermented skate mokpo a south korean city famous for its skate cuisine references edit froese rainer pauly daniel eds family rajidae fishbase january 2009 version 1 2 3 last p r séret b stehmann m f w weigmann s 2016 skates family rajidae in last peter naylor gavin séret bernard white william de carvalho marcelo stehmann matthias eds rays of the world csiro publishing pp 204 363 isbn 978 0 643 10914 8 ebert d a 2003 the sharks rays and chimaeras of california university california press berkeley ca 284 pp page needed compagno leonard j 1999 systematics and body form in hamlett william c ed sharks skates and rays the biology of elasmobranch fishes jhu press pp 1 42 isbn 978 0 8018 6048 5 ucmp berkeley chondrichthyes fossil record 1 2 marlétaz ferdinand de la calle mustienes elisa acemel rafael d paliou christina naranjo silvia martínez garcía pedro manuel cases ildefonso sleight victoria a hirschberger christine marcet houben marina navon dina andrescavage ali skvortsova ksenia duckett paul edward gonzález rajal álvaro bogdanovic ozren gibcus johan h yang liyan gallardo fuentes lourdes sospedra ismael lopez rios javier darbellay fabrice visel axel dekker job shubin neil gabaldón toni nakamura tetsuya tena juan j lupiáñez darío g rokhsar daniel s gómez skarmeta josé luis 20 april 2023 the little skate genome and the evolutionary emergence of wing like fins nature 616 7957 495 503 bibcode 2023natur 616 495m doi 10 1038 s41586 023 05868 1 pmc 10115646 pmid 37046085 1 2 3 ebert david a davis chante d 18 january 2007 descriptions of skate egg cases chondrichthyes rajiformes rajoidei from the eastern north pacific zootaxa 1393 1 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 1393 1 1 1 2 fricke ron eschmeyer william n van der laan richard eds genera in the family rajidae catalog of fishes california academy of sciences retrieved 31 october 2024 1 2 ebert david a compagno leonard j v october 2007 biodiversity and systematics of skates chondrichthyes rajiformes rajoidei environmental biology of fishes 80 2 3 111 124 bibcode 2007envbf 80 111e doi 10 1007 s10641 007 9247 0 s2cid 22875855 1 2 ray skate anatomy florida museum of natural history www floridamuseum ufl edu 5 may 2017 retrieved 2018 03 10 berkovitz barry shellis peter 2017 the teeth of non mammalian vertebrates pp 5 27 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 802850 6 00002 3 isbn 978 0 12 802850 6 carlos bustamente julio lamilla francisco concha david a ebert michael b bennett 29 june 2012 morphological characters of the thickbody skate amblyraja frerichsi krefft 1968 rajiformes rajidae with notes on its biology plos one 7 8 e39963 bibcode 2012ploso 739963b doi 10 1371 journal pone 0039963 pmc 3386969 pmid 22768186 mabragaña e vazquez d m gabbanelli v sabadin d barbini s a lucifora l o september 2017 egg cases of the graytail skate bathyraja griseocauda and the cuphead skate bathyraja scaphiops from the south west atlantic ocean journal of fish biology 91 3 968 974 bibcode 2017jfbio 91 968m doi 10 1111 jfb 13380 hdl 11336 45691 pmid 28868748 macesic laura j kajiura stephen m november 2009 electric organ morphology and function in the lesser electric ray narcine brasiliensis zoology 112 6 442 450 bibcode 2009zool 112 442m doi 10 1016 j zool 2009 02 002 pmid 19651501 1 2 3 koester david m 2003 anatomy and motor pathways of the electric organ of skates the anatomical record 273a 1 648 662 doi 10 1002 ar a 10076 pmid 12808649 ebert david a bizzarro joseph j october 2007 standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of skates chondrichthyes rajiformes rajoidei environmental biology of fishes 80 2 3 221 237 bibcode 2007envbf 80 221e doi 10 1007 s10641 007 9227 4 s2cid 1382600 archived copy pdf archived from the original pdf on 2017 01 28 retrieved 2019 01 16 cite web cs1 maint archived copy as title link hall brian k ed 2008 fins into limbs evolution development and transformation university of chicago press isbn 978 0 226 31340 5 oclc 308649613 page needed lucifora luis o vassallo aldo i 28 august 2002 walking in skates chondrichthyes rajidae anatomy behaviour and analogies to tetrapod locomotion biological journal of the linnean society 77 1 35 41 doi 10 1046 j 1095 8312 2002 00085 x hdl 11336 128800 jung heekyung baek myungin d elia kristen p boisvert catherine currie peter d tay boon hui venkatesh byrappa brown stuart m heguy adriana schoppik david dasen jeremy s february 2018 the ancient origins of neural substrates for land walking cell 172 4 667 6...