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Text of the page (random words):
anopy relative work or crw pronounced kro͞o basic formations include stacks and planes in which one jumper docks feet on another canopy s suspension lines or risers 20 21 fai competition events include 4 way rotations 4 way sequential and 2 way sequential teams repeat prescribed formations during a working period while a videographer records the jump for judging 20 because participants fly in contact with one another s canopies and lines training includes docking breakoff and emergency procedures entanglements and collapsed canopies are principal hazards and specialised equipment commonly includes protective clothing and a hook knife 21 formation skydiving edit main articles formation skydiving and big ways polish skydivers during a 100 way formation attempt in 2015 formation skydiving is the intentional manoeuvring of two or more skydivers near one another in freefall to build formations participants approach a designated base take grips and move through planned formations while maintaining a common fall rate and level formations may be flown belly to earth or vertically with participants head down or feet down the discipline was traditionally called relative work or group freefall 22 11 in fai competition a team normally consists of four or eight performers and a videographer each round uses a sequence drawn from an international pool of random formations and blocks teams repeat the sequence within a set working time receiving one point for each correctly completed formation judging is based on the videographer s recording 22 large formations often called big ways may involve dozens or hundreds of participants and are also flown as national or world record attempts under fai record rules 3 skydivers rehearse an aircraft exit and planned formation on the ground beside a dc 3 in 1977 before a formation jump teams often rehearse the aircraft exit formation shapes grips and movement order on the ground a practice known as a dirt dive 23 training commonly begins with small groups and develops stable exits body position approach docking transition breakoff and separation skills group planning is important because a failed or funnelled formation can bring jumpers into collision and participants must create horizontal separation before deployment 11 freeflying edit four skydivers in a head down freefly formation freeflying uses a wider range of body orientations than traditional belly to earth skydiving it includes back flying sit flying standing and head down positions as well as transitions between them these orientations can produce high fall rates and rapid changes in relative speed so group freeflying requires attention to levels separation breakoff and altitude awareness 24 beginners generally develop control first in back flying and head up positions before attempting sustained head down flight group progression normally begins with a coach and small formations developing controlled approaches docking transitions and separation equipment must be secured against premature deployment while the jumper changes orientation at high speed 24 freeflying is also part of fai artistic competition freefly teams consist of two performers and a camera flyer compulsory and free routines are judged from the camera flyer s footage for technical execution and presentation the format uses movement around all three axes of the body unlike traditional flat formation skydiving 25 skysurfing edit main article skysurfing in skysurfing a board is attached to the skydiver s feet for freefall manoeuvres uspa treats it within its freeflying guidance and recommends a board release system that can be operated with either hand 24 skysurfing was formerly an fai artistic competition event but was retired from that programme in 2009 25 angle flying edit skydivers in an angle freefall formation angle flying is a movement jump technique in which skydivers follow a diagonal flight path rather than falling straight down body orientation can be belly to earth or back to earth and group participants aim to maintain a common direction level and separation 26 27 28 29 tracking is another movement technique in which a skydiver uses a streamlined body position to generate horizontal movement uspa groups angle flying and tracking as movement jumps rather than separate competition categories 26 wingsuit flying edit main article wingsuit flying a recreational wingsuit rodeo over latvia wingsuit flying uses a specialised suit with fabric surfaces between the arms and legs the added surface area reduces vertical speed and increases horizontal speed while the suit restricts some of the jumper s normal range of motion 30 wingsuit training addresses aircraft exit flight planning body position navigation breakoff and a deployment technique adapted to the restricted arm movement uspa requires at least 200 previous skydives and a current licence for a wingsuit jump and recommends a first flight course with an experienced wingsuit coach the suit creates a large wake behind the pilot and can complicate pilot chute inflation and deployment bag extraction so equipment configuration and stable deployment are important parts of progression 30 fai competition recognises performance flying and acrobatic flying performance events use gps measurements for time horizontal distance and horizontal speed within a defined altitude window acrobatic events use two wingsuit performers and a camera flyer with compulsory figures and free routines involving transitions docks and coordinated flight 31 canopy piloting edit canopy piloting uses small highly manoeuvrable parachutes on courses designed to measure speed distance accuracy and freestyle performance competition courses are commonly placed over water because of the high approach speeds 32 style and accuracy landing edit in accuracy landing competitors aim to touch down as close as possible to the centre of a target and the lowest cumulative distance score wins in freefall style an individual competitor performs a prescribed sequence of turns and back loops against the clock style and accuracy landing are among the oldest international competition disciplines 33 speed skydiving edit in speed skydiving competitors seek the highest measured average vertical speed during a defined part of freefall 10 paraski and indoor skydiving edit paraski combines accuracy landing with alpine giant slalom skiing 34 indoor competition uses vertical wind tunnels for formation artistic and dynamic events 15 organizations edit the fai skydiving commission directs fai international championships competitions and record activity both outdoor and indoor fai member countries are represented through a national air sport control which administers fai air sports within that country 3 35 national parachuting associations may issue sport licences and instructor ratings publish training and safety standards organise domestic competition and represent participants to aviation regulators examples include the united states parachute association and british skydiving the national governing body for sport skydiving in the united kingdom 36 37 drop zones edit main article drop zone a parachutist landing a drop zone is a predetermined area on which parachutists or dropped objects land after an intentional parachute jump or drop 38 in common usage the term may also refer to the independently operated skydiving centre that provides training and conducts jump operations there 12 parachuting is regulated as an aviation activity for example united states rules specify flight visibility and cloud clearance requirements and prohibit jumps into or through clouds under ordinary operations 39 operational planning also considers aircraft procedures winds the landing pattern and alternative landing areas 9 records edit record free fall parachute jumps edit joseph kittinger beginning his 1960 high altitude descent in 1914 tiny broadwick demonstrated a manually deployed parachute after a static line became entangled with an aircraft the smithsonian national air and space museum describes the jump as the first planned freefall descent and an early demonstration of the ripcord principle 40 during project excelsior u s air force officer joseph kittinger made three high altitude parachute jumps to test emergency escape equipment his first jump from 23 286 m 76 398 ft in november 1959 nearly ended fatally when the lines of a stabilising parachute wrapped around his neck an emergency parachute opened at lower altitude a second jump followed three weeks later 41 on 16 august 1960 kittinger made the final excelsior jump from 31 333 m 102 799 ft he used a stabilising drogue remained in freefall for 4 minutes 37 seconds and reached more than 965 km h 600 mph before deploying his main parachute a failed pressure suit glove caused his hand to swell during the flight 41 on 1 november 1962 soviet parachutist yevgeny andreyev jumped from a balloon at 25 458 m 83 524 ft near saratov and fell 24 500 m 80 400 ft before opening his parachute the performance was recognised as an fai freefall distance record without a stabilising drogue 42 on 14 october 2012 felix baumgartner exited above roswell new mexico at 38 969 4 m 127 852 ft the fai ratified records for exit altitude vertical distance of freefall without a drogue and maximum vertical speed without a drogue he reached 1 357 6 km h 843 6 mph 43 on 24 october 2014 alan eustace raised the fai exit altitude record to 41 422 m 135 899 ft and set records for distance and maximum vertical speed with a drogue 44 formation records edit international parachuting records are registered and ratified by the fai skydiving commission 3 the current ratified fai world record for the largest freefall formation is a 400 skydiver formation completed on 8 february 2006 over udon thani thailand 45 46 on 22 august 2025 174 skydivers completed a head down vertical formation at skydive chicago in ottawa illinois uspa reported the performance as a new fai world record but as of 19 july 2026 the fai database listed it as a preliminary record claim rather than a ratified record 47 48 in popular culture edit blood on the risers is a darkly comic american paratrooper song dating from the second world war sung to the tune of the battle hymn of the republic it recounts a fatal training jump and became associated with airborne units as a marching cadence and unofficial anthem 49 see also edit base jumping parachute landing fall parachute rigger paratrooper space diving references edit 1 2 3 history british skydiving retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 3 4 5 14 cfr 105 3 definitions electronic code of federal regulations united states government publishing office retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 3 4 5 about the fai skydiving commission world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 1797 the modern world s first parachute jump world air sports federation 22 october 2017 retrieved 19 july 2026 our sport world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 70 years since monique laroche set the first fai parachuting record world air sports federation 6 october 2021 retrieved 19 july 2026 the black daggers global warriors united states army 26 october 2009 retrieved 19 july 2026 smokejumpers united states forest service 28 december 2016 retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 category a arch united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 speed skydiving world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 3 5 1 formation skydiving united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 3 4 5 6 your first skydive united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 3 4 training and progression british skydiving retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 14 cfr 105 45 use of tandem parachute systems electronic code of federal regulations united states government publishing office retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 3 indoor skydiving world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 14 cfr 105 43 use of single harness dual parachute systems electronic code of federal regulations united states government publishing office retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 barthel christiane halvachizadeh sacha gamble jamison g pape hans christoph rauer thomas 10 january 2023 recreational skydiving really that dangerous a systematic review international journal of environmental research and public health 20 2 1254 doi 10 3390 ijerph20021254 pmid 36674008 1 2 how safe is skydiving united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 air sports international world games association retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 canopy formation world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 5 5 canopy formations united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 formation skydiving world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 teaching 4 way fundamentals to new jumpers united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 3 5 2 freeflying freestyle and skysurfing united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 artistic events world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 5 10 movement jumps united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 glossary united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 foundations of flight angle flying head first on belly united states parachute association 1 april 2019 retrieved 19 july 2026 angle flying feet first on belly united states parachute association 1 july 2018 retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 5 8 wingsuit flying united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 wingsuit flying world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 canopy piloting world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 style and accuracy landing world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 parachute ski world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 members world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 about uspa united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 what we do british skydiving retrieved 19 july 2026 pilot controller glossary drop zone federal aviation administration retrieved 19 july 2026 14 cfr 105 17 flight visibility and clearance from cloud requirements electronic code of federal regulations united states government publishing office retrieved 19 july 2026 georgia tiny broadwick s parachute national air and space museum 12 march 2015 retrieved 19 july 2026 1 2 the long lonely leap national air and space museum 16 august 2010 retrieved 19 july 2026 highest freefall parachute jump official fai guinness world records retrieved 19 july 2026 baumgartner s records ratified by fai world air sports federation 22 february 2013 retrieved 19 july 2026 yet to be beaten alan eustace s high altitude parachute jump records still stand 10 years on world air sports federation 24 october 2024 retrieved 19 july 2026 team crew 13052 world air sports federation retrieved 19 july 2026 looking forward to the past united states parachute association retrieved 19 july 2026 october 2025 united states parachut...