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mallholder farming households these off farm income generating activities offer a buffer against agricultural shocks and allow for a diversified livelihood strategy providing families with increased financial security and access to essential resources developing countries edit in many developing countries smallholding is a small plot of land with low rental value used to grow crops 32 by some estimates there are 525 million smallholder farmers in the world 33 these farms vary in land sizes production and labor intensities 34 the distribution of farm sizes depends on a number of agroecological and demographic conditions as well as on economic and technological factors 35 smallholders are critical to local and regional food systems as well as livelihoods and especially so during periods of food supply chain disruptions 36 smallholders dominate production in certain key sectors such as coffee and cocoa various types of agribusinesses enterprises work with smallholding farmers in a range of roles including buying crops providing seed and acting as financial institutions 37 in low income countries women make up 43 percent of smallholding agricultural labor but produce 60 80 percent of food crops 11 india edit in india there is five sizes classification for smallholders these are marginal less than 1 hectare 2 1 2 acres small between 1 and 2 hectares 2 1 2 and 5 acres semi medium between 2 and 4 hectares 5 and 10 acres medium between 4 and 10 hectares 9 9 and 24 7 acres large above 10 hectares 25 acres if we use 4 hectares 10 acres marginal small medium as a threshold 94 3 of holdings are small and these constitute 65 2 of all farmland 5 the bulk of india s hungry and poor people are constituted of smallholder farmers and landless people 78 country s farmers own less than 2 hectares 5 acres which constitutes 33 of total farmland but at the same time they produce 41 of the country s food grains 20 of the world s poor live in india although the country was self sufficient in food production in 2002 due to the first green revolution started in the latter half of the twentieth century numerous households lacked resources to purchase food holdings less than 2 ha contributed 41 of total food grain production in 1991 compared to 28 in 1971 which means a substantial increase whereas medium holdings registered a mere 3 increase in the same period and large holdings registered a decline from 51 to 35 this signifies the importance of smallholders in the green revolution and the attainment of national food security smallholder families are becoming more vulnerable and more disadvantaged due to the expansion of international trade liberalisation the needs and aspirations of small farmers must feature prominently in policies of market reform that seek to improve food and nutritional security india s total increase rate of productivity across the farming sector was far less in 1990 s when compared to previous decades 38 kenya edit kenyan smallholder dairy farmer kenya s smallholder means someone who owns possesses or produces agricultural products in small scale smallholder production accounts for 78 percent of total agricultural production and 70 percent of commercial production 39 the majority of the smallholder population work in farm sizes averaging 0 47 hectares 1 1 4 acres 40 this represents the vast majority of kenya s rural poor population who depend on agriculture for their livelihood 41 adverse risk events during the period 1980 2012 led to production losses in smallholder farms resulting in a drop in agricultural gross domestic product gdp of 2 percent or more 41 increasing the productivity of smallholder farmers is encouraged due to its potential to improve food availability increase rural incomes lower poverty rates and grow the economy 41 diversification of crops in smallholder farms is one of the potential strategies in sustaining agricultural productivity and copping with marketing risks 42 it is also a transitional step from subsistence to commercial agriculture citation needed age education of household head type of crops cropping system amount of credit and irrigation facilities are some of the factors influencing diversification in smallholder farms 43 tanzania edit along the upper and middle reaches of the nduruma river in the pangani river basin tanzania there is not enough water to go around smallholder farmers address inequities in land and water distribution by enforcing existing traditional local rules whilst larger estate farms may have governmental licences guaranteeing rights to the water a study found that those large scale farms which adhere to the traditional water rights structures fare better in terms of social reputation which better ensures their access to water adhering to the water law to enforce their permits is less effective as regional tanzanian local governments generally attempt to avoid conflict with their populace on a larger scale however existing traditional rules are ineffective in maintaining cooperation among users along the nduruma river 44 thailand edit further information agriculture in thailand in 1975 there were 4 2 million smallholder farming households in thailand in 2013 thailand had 5 9 million smallholder farming households the average area of these smallholdings had shrunk from 3 7 to 3 2 hectares 9 1 4 to 8 acres over that period instead of farms getting larger and less numerous as has been the case in the global north the reverse happened they got smaller and more numerous 45 united states edit several definitions of small farm have been formulated in legislation in 1977 the us congress via the food and agriculture act of 1977 defined a small farm as one with sales under 20 000 46 at the time these comprised 70 of farms in the us 24 the act sponsored additional research on small farming operations by us land grant universities and their extension services and mandated that an annual report on these activities be issued by the us secretary of agriculture 24 a 1997 study by the united states small farms commission defined small farms as those with less than 250 000 in gross receipts annually on which day to day labor and management are provided by the farmer and or the farm family that owns the production or owns or leases the productive assets in 2000 such farms accounted for about 90 of the more than 2 1 million u s farms but only about 40 of u s farm production the concentration of production on fewer and larger operations is a longstanding concern among some segments of the agricultural community others view these changes as inevitable and even necessary to maintain the efficiency and competitiveness of the sector farm typology analysis by the usda economic research service divides the small family farm category into five groups limited resource farms retirement farms residential lifestyle farms farming occupation lower sales farming occupation high sales technology for small farmers edit main article right to repair many farmers are upset by their inability to fix the new types of high tech farm equipment 47 this is due mostly to companies using intellectual property law to prevent farmers from having the legal right to fix their equipment or gain access to the information to allow them to do it 48 this has encouraged groups such as open source ecology and farm hack to begin to make open source agricultural machinery european union edit the debate concerning the role of small farms within the european union is ongoing the european commission states that more than three quarters of farm holdings in the european union are less than 10 hectares 25 acres with a large number less than five hectares 12 acres 49 however as of 2009 update it had not established a formal definition of the term that could be used in its common agricultural policy the public perception of the possible benefits of small scale farming has led to requests for further studies from the european commission 50 see also edit allotment gardening asset based community development building integrated agriculture croft family farm foodscaping forest gardening hobby farm market garden peasant permaculture subsistence agriculture underground farming urban agriculture urban horticulture urban forestry vertical farming references edit gulden kathrine torday mar 8 2019 international women s day closing the gender gap among smallholders nibio en retrieved 2021 10 05 babu suresh c sanyal prabuddha 2009 effects of commercialization of agriculture shift from traditional crop to cash crop on food consumption and nutrition application of chi square statistic food security poverty and nutrition policy analysis pp 39 59 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 374712 9 00003 1 isbn 978 0 12 374712 9 1 2 3 khalil clara aida conforti piero ergin ipek gennari pietro june 2017 defining small scale food producers to monitor target 2 3 of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development pdf report fao statistics division archived pdf from the original on nov 8 2020 food prices smallholder farmers can be part of the solution ifad archived from the original on 2013 05 05 retrieved 2018 01 02 1 2 investing in smallholder agriculture for food security pdf food and agriculture organization of the united nations high level panel of experts on food security and nutrition june 2013 retrieved 23 february 2021 how many smallholders are there worldwide producing cocoa what proportion of cocoa worldwide is produced by smallholders international cocoa organization 27 march 2012 archived from the original on oct 20 2020 retrieved 2020 10 17 why sustainable cocoa farming matters for rural development www csis org 6 september 2012 retrieved 2020 11 30 schneider kate gugerty mary kay august 17 2010 impact of export driven cash crops on smallholder households report evans school policy analysis and research christina gradl et al march 2013 promising agribusiness dandc eu 1 2 2 3 1 productivity of small scale food producers sustainable development goals food and agriculture organization of the united nations www fao org retrieved 2020 10 17 1 2 3 sustainable intensification for smallholders project drawdown 2020 02 06 retrieved 2020 10 16 fao 2025 the state of food and agriculture 2025 fao doi 10 4060 cd7067en isbn 978 92 5 140142 2 fao 2025 the state of food and agriculture 2025 fao doi 10 4060 cd7067en isbn 978 92 5 140142 2 beierlein james g schneeberger kenneth c osburn donald d 2003 principles of agribusiness management 3 ed prospect heights illinois waveland press pp 10 20 isbn 1 57766 267 9 deolalikar anil b 1981 the inverse relationship between productivity and farm size a test using regional data from india american journal of agricultural economics 63 2 275 279 doi 10 2307 1239565 jstor 1239565 gorelick steven norberg hodge helen 2002 bringing the food economy home local alternatives to global agribusiness kumarian press us retrieved 5 november 2014 chism john w levins richard a spring 1994 farm spending and local selling how do they match up minnesota agricultural economist 676 university of minnesota doi 10 22004 ag econ 206493 adaptation for smallholder agriculture programme ifad retrieved 2020 11 07 building the resilience of smallholder farmers land water food and agriculture organization of the united nations retrieved 2020 12 01 harvey celia a saborio rodríguez milagro martinez rodríguez m ruth viguera barbara chain guadarrama adina vignola raffaele alpizar francisco 2018 08 14 climate change impacts and adaptation among smallholder farmers in central america agriculture food security 7 1 57 bibcode 2018agfs 7 57h doi 10 1186 s40066 018 0209 x s2cid 52048360 kristjanson patti neufeldt henry gassner anja mango joash kyazze florence b desta solomon sayula george thiede brian förch wiebke thornton philip k coe richard 2012 09 01 are food insecure smallholder households making changes in their farming practices evidence from east africa food security 4 3 381 397 doi 10 1007 s12571 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