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Text of the page (random words):
ial impact may refer to the overall effects of a business but a business that has social impact may or may not be a social enterprise 23 corporate social responsibility csr is a practise that businesses can use to be conscious of the social and environmental impacts of their activities there are a variety of csr markers such as accountability and internal and external elements social enterprises place a lot of emphasis on external social responsibility as a result of their social objectives so social impact is built into the organisation however there has been debate on whether or not social enterprises place enough emphasis on internal csr such as human resources and capital management health and safety standards adaptation to innovation and change and the quality of management within the organisation 8 since a large majority of social enterprises do not have sufficient funding they are unable to pay competitive wages to their employees and as a result have to resort to other non financial techniques to recruit employees many managers utilise the social component of the social enterprise s dual mission and purpose for this 15 financial institutions are savings and loan organisations such as credit unions microcredit organisations cooperative banks and revolving loan funds and are membership owned social enterprises credit unions were first established in the 1850s in germany and spread internationally cooperative banks have likewise been around since the 1870s owned as a subsidiary of a membership co operative in recent times microcredit organisations have sprung up in many developing countries to great effect local currency exchanges and social value exchanges are also being established citation needed socially responsible investing sri seeks to maximise both financial gain and social impact 4 many commercial enterprises would consider themselves to have social objectives but commitment to these objectives is motivated by the perception that such commitment will ultimately make the enterprise more financially valuable these are organisations that might be more properly said to be operating corporate responsibility policies social enterprises differ in that their commitment to impact is central to the mission of the business citation needed like social enterprise social entrepreneurship has a variety of existing definitions currently when there is not a widely accepted standard definition for the term and descriptions vary in level of detail there is an emphasis on change agents for social entrepreneurship in contrast to the organisational focus of social enterprises social entrepreneurship usually takes place in the non profit sector with a focus on creating and implementing new solutions 16 tensions between social missions and business ventures within a social enterprise are separated into four distinct categories performing organising belonging and learning 24 performance tensions arise as organisations seek to fulfil various conflicting goals such as varying stakeholder demands social mission goals and performance metrics a major challenge is figuring out how to gauge success with conflicting goals organising tensions are caused by inconsistencies in organisational structure culture and human resource practices many social organisations grapple with whom to hire as many want to help disadvantaged people but also need workers with business skills to ensure the success of the enterprise organisations face the challenge of deciding which organisational structure and legal form e g non profit for profit to operate under belonging tensions arise from identification or a sense of belonging to contrasting goals and values which creates internal organisational conflict these tensions are amplified by the maintenance of relationships with stakeholders who may have conflicting identities within the organisation 24 learning tensions are a result of conflicting time horizons i e short term vs long run in the short term organisations aim for stability which can be evaluated based on metrics such as costs profits and revenues but in the long run they want growth flexibility and progress in achieving their social mission 24 academia edit when social enterprise first emerged much of the scholarly literature focused on defining the key characteristics and definitions of social enterprise since then there is more of a focus on the emergence of the social enterprise sector as well as the internal management of social enterprise organisations due to the dual purpose missions of social enterprises organisations cannot directly employ the typical management strategies of established business models recent when academic literature has argued against prior positively held views of social enterprises success in striking a balance between the two tensions and instead argued that the social mission is being compromised in favour of financial stability prioritising social good over financial stability contradicts rational firm management which typically prioritises financial and profit seeking goals as a result different management issues arise that range from stakeholders and management agreeing on the firm s goals but disagreeing on an action plan to management and stakeholders disagreeing on the firm s goals some social enterprises have taken on same sector and cross sector partnerships while others continue to operate independently 15 the first academic paper to propose worker co operatives involved in health and rehabilitation work as a form social enterprise was published in 1993 25 the scale and integration of co operative development in the red belt of italy some 7 000 worker and 8 000 social co operatives inspired the formation of the emes network of social economy researchers who subsequently spread the language to the uk and the rest of europe through influential english language publications 26 the first international social enterprise journal was established in 2005 by social enterprise london with support from the london development association the social enterprise journal has been followed by the journal of social entrepreneurship and coverage of issues pertaining to the social economy and social enterprise is also covered by the journal of co operative studies and the annals of co operative and public economics the european social enterprise research network emes and the co operative research unit cru at the open university have also published research into social enterprise the skoll world forum organised jointly by oxford and duke universities brings together researchers and practitioners from across the globe citation needed in the united states harvard stanford and princeton universities built on the work of ashoka and contributed to the development of the social entrepreneurship field through project initiatives and publications 27 28 29 as of 2018 update the field of social enterprise studies had not yet developed firm philosophical foundations but its advocates and academic community were becoming more engaged with critical pedagogies such as that of paulo freire and critical traditions in research like critical theory institutional theory and marxism in comparison to private sector business education 30 teaching related to the social economy draws explicitly from the works of robert owen proudhon and karl marx with works by bourdieu and putnam informing the debate over social capital and its relationship to the competitive advantage of mutuals this intellectual foundation however does not extend as strongly into the field of social entrepreneurship where there is more influence from writings on liberalism and entrepreneurship by joseph schumpeter in conjunction with the emerging fields of social innovation actor network theory and complexity theory to explain its processes citation needed social enterprise unlike private enterprise is not taught exclusively in a business school context as it is increasingly connected to the health sector and to public service delivery however oxford university s said business school does host the skoll world forum a global event focused on social entrepreneurs citation needed africa edit kenya edit in kenya many ngos use business models to improve the lives of people mainly in rural kenya komaza is a social enterprise that plants trees with smallholder farmers and uses economies of scale to enable them to access high value markets for processed trees another organisation rise kenya runs projects to mitigate climate change in the semiarid eastern province of kenya they also run weaving projects whereby women who would traditionally engage in weaving make products that are marketed in nairobi and in european and american markets citation needed other social enterprises in kenya include the one acre fund nuru international and m pesa the latter of which facilitates economic transactions via mobile phone citation needed the organisation alive kicking has produced over 200 000 sports balls from its stitching centre in nairobi 31 social enterprises ihub and nailab are centres for technological enterprise with ventures such as tandaa in cooperation with the ict board of kenya and akirachix 32 zambia edit social enterprises in zambia are often focused on the creation of sustainable employment citation needed alive kicking established a stitching centre in lusaka in 2007 which employs 50 stitchers and produces 2 000 sports balls a month 33 zambikes produces a range of bicycles from their lusaka factory including zambulances and ones made from bamboo and provide three levels of mechanic training 34 asia edit china edit researcher meng zhao states that social enterprise as a concept emerged in china around 2012 although it was not yet a well known idea among the general public and the chinese government was still trying to understand the new phenomenon 35 he identified three forms in china the social enterprise the social startup and the startup for social good the terms startup is used because it carries some of the spirit associated with enterprise in english such as innovation risk taking or venture 35 there is no separate legal entity for social enterprises in hong kong they are normally registered as companies or non profit organisations the hong kong government defines social enterprises as businesses that achieve specific social objectives and its profits will be principally reinvested in the business for the social objectives that it pursues rather than distribution to its shareholders 36 in recent years venture philanthropy organisations such as social ventures hong kong and social enterprise business centre of the hong kong council of social service have been set up to invest in viable social enterprises with a significant social impact citation needed india edit in india a social enterprise may be a non profit ngo often registered as a society under the societies registration act 1860 a trust registered under various indian state trust acts or a section 8 company registered under the companies act 2013 india has around three million 37 ngos including a number of religious organisations and trusts like temples mosques and gurudwara associations who are not considered social enterprises citation needed in the agricultural sector international development enterprises has helped pull millions of small farmers out of poverty in india citation needed another area of social enterprise in india and the developing world are bottom of the pyramid bop businesses which were identified and analysed by c k prahalad in fortune at the base of the pyramid 38 the term social enterprise is not widely used in india instead terms like ngos and npos non profit organisations are used where these kind of organisations are legally allowed to raise fund for non business activities ngos in india raise funds through some services often fund raising events and community activities and occasionally products child rights and you and youth united are examples of social enterprises that raise funds through their services fund raising activities organising events donations and grants or products to further their social and environmental goals citation needed according to sopar canada s sister organisation bala vikasa social service society social enterprise is a hybrid business with a goal of solving social problems while also generating revenues and profits like any other enterprise however when it comes to choosing between profits or social cause social cause is paramount for social enterprises while profits are considered only for sustainability citation needed malaysia edit social enterprise alliance malaysia defines social enterprises as organizations created to address social problems that use business models to sustain themselves financially they seek to create not only financial returns but also social returns to their beneficiaries 39 in malaysia government bodies like magic seek to strengthen malaysia s position as an emerging innovation nation 40 one of magic s key missions is nurturing and navigating local startup and social enterprise into successful and sustainable businesses one initiative by magic in 2017 was the impact driven enterprise accreditation idea magic also launched buy for impact which encourages companies to purchase products or services from social enterprises this initiative promotes conscious buying behaviours among the general public and the private sector stressing the importance and impact of purchasing power citation needed on april 23 2022 prime minister ismail sabri yaakob outlined a new direction for the country on social entrepreneurship development in his report social entrepreneurship action framework 2030 semy2030 41 semy2030 will provide more structured training on the adaptation of technology and digitalisation widen access to financing and financial support and provide access to the domestic and international markets 42 philippines edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2013 learn how and when to remove this message in december 1999 a group of entrepreneurs executives and academics in metro manila started the social enterprise network sen which serves as a networking opportunity for like minded individuals to share their interests and experience one of its projects the cooperative marketing enterprise cme was eventually adopted by the foundations for people development cme is devoted solely to providing the need for cooperatives micro small and medium enterprises for the marketing of their products the course social entrepreneurship and management was first offered at the university of asia and the pacific school of management in 2000 this course was developed and taught by dr jose rene c gayo then the dean of the school of management it was offered as an elective for the senior students of the bachelor of science in entrepreneurial m...