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shed in 1908 and 1911 1 jean brunhes one of vidal s most influential disciples included a level of spatial interactions among groups into his fourfold structure of human geography 18 until the second world war no more theoretical framework for social geography was developed though leading to a concentration on rather descriptive rural and regional geography 19 20 note 3 however vidal s works were influential for the historical annales school 21 who also shared the rural bias with the contemporary geographers 22 and durkheim s concept of social morphology was later developed and set in connection with social geography by sociologists marcel mauss 23 and maurice halbwachs 24 the first person in the anglo american tradition to use the term social geography was george wilson hoke whose paper the study of social geography 25 was published in 1907 yet there is no indication it had any academic impact le play s work however was taken up in britain by patrick geddes and andrew john herbertson 1 percy m roxby a former student of herbertson in 1930 identified social geography as one of human geography s four main branches 26 by contrast the american academic geography of that time was dominated by the berkeley school of cultural geography led by carl o sauer while the spatial distribution of social groups was already studied by the chicago school of sociology 27 harlan h barrows a geographer at the university of chicago nevertheless regarded social geography as one of the three major divisions of geography 28 another pre war concept that combined elements of sociology and geography was the one established by dutch sociologist sebald rudolf steinmetz and his amsterdam school of sociography however it lacked a definitive subject being a combination of geography and ethnography created as the more concrete counterpart to the rather theoretical sociology in contrast the utrecht school of social geography which emerged in the early 1930s sought to study the relationship between social groups and their living spaces 29 30 post war period edit continental europe edit in the german language geography this focus on the connection between social groups and the landscape was further developed by hans bobek and wolfgang hartke after the second world war 31 note 4 for bobek groups of lebensformen patterns of life influenced by social factors that formed the landscape were at the center of his social geographical analysis 32 in a similar approach hartke considered the landscape a source for indices or traces of certain social groups behaviour 33 the best known example of this perspective was the concept of sozialbrache social fallow 34 i e the abandoning of tillage as an indicator for occupational shifts away from agriculture 35 though the french géographie sociale had been a great influence especially on hartke s ideas 36 no such distinct school of thought formed within the french human geography 37 38 nonetheless albert demangeon paved the way for a number of more systematic conceptualizations of the field with his posthumously published notion 39 that social groups ought to be within the center of human geographical analysis 40 that task was carried out by pierre george and maximilien sorre among others then a marxist 41 george s stance was dominated by a socio economic rationale 42 but without the structuralist interpretations found in the works of some the french sociologists of the time 43 however it was another french marxist the sociologist henri lefebvre who introduced the concept of the social production of space 44 he had written on that and related topics since the 1930s 45 but fully expounded it in la production de l espace 46 as late as 1974 sorre developed a schema of society related to the ecological idea of habitat which was applied to an urban context by the sociologist paul henry chombart de lauwe 47 for the dutch geographer christiaan van paassen nl the world consisted of socio spatial entities of different scales formed by what he referred to as a syn ecological complex 48 an idea influenced by existentialism 49 a more analytical ecological approach on human geography was the one developed by edgar kant in his native estonia in the 1930s and later at lund university which he called anthropo ecology his awareness of the temporal dimension of social life would lead to the formation of time geography through the works of torsten hägerstrand and sven godlund 50 see also edit geographical segregation history of geography human ecology sociology of space urban vitality notes edit the outline of these questions is basically of dialectical purpose and in its original context wasn t used as a subject s definition cf jackson peter 2003 introduction the social in question in anderson kay et al eds 2003 handbook of cultural geography london et al sage 37 42 also note that werlen s original two questions that social geography has to answer slightly differ from these two and that buttimer 1968 135 provides another two of such questions for a more detailed account on the german language geography see bobek hans 1962 über den einbau der sozialgeographischen betrachtungsweise in die kulturgeographie verhandlungen des deutschen geographentages 33 148 166 in german as paul claval 1986 puts it at mid century french geography was more open to social problems than other schools but there is nothing like a recognised social geographical field p 15 though the term sozialgeographie had been used before the first call for a systematic consideration of social groups within german language geography came from richard busch zantner 1937 zur ordnung der anthropogenen faktoren petermanns geographische mitteilungen 83 138 141 139 in german cited by werlen benno 2008 75 76 however he died in the second world war references edit 1 2 3 4 dunbar gary s 1977 some early occurrences of the term social geography scottish geographical journal 93 1 15 20 smith susan j et al 2010 introduction situating social geographies in smith susan j et al eds the sage handbook of social geographies london sage 1 39 5 7 buttimer anne 1968 social geography in sills david ed international encyclopedia of the social sciences new york macmillan 134 145 134 peter jackson 1983 social geography convergence and compromise progress in human geography 7 1 116 121 gregory derek 1981 human agency and human geography transactions of the institute of british geographers 6 1 1 18 eyles john 1986 introduction diffusion and convergence in eyles john ed social geography in international perspective barnes noble 1 12 4 5 smith susan j et al 2010 3 werlen benno 2008 sozialgeographie eine einführung 3 ed bern et al haupt 11 in german jackson peter 1987 the idea of race and the geography of racism in jackson peter ed race and racism essays in social geography london allen unwin 3 18 14 johnston ron 1987 theory and methodology in social geography in pacione michael ed social geography progress and prospect london croom helm 1 30 3 4 ley david 1977 social geography and the taken for granted world transactions of the institute of british geographers 2 4 498 512 jackson peter 1981 phenomenology and social geography area 13 4 299 305 smith neil 2000 socializing culture radicalizing the social social cultural geography 1 1 25 28 25 del casino jr vincent j and sallie a marston 2006 social geography in the united states everywhere and nowhere social cultural geography 7 6 995 1006 995 996 for the german language geography see bartels dietrich and thomas k peucker 1969 annals commentary german social geography again annals of the association of american geographers 59 3 596 598 for the dutch language geography see cools r h a 1943 de ontwikkeling der sociale geografie in nederland sociaal geographische mededeelingen 2 3 130 153 in dutch cited by thomale eckhard 1972 sozialgeographie eine disziplingeschichtliche untersuchung zur entwicklung der anthropogeographie marburg 110 in german vidal de la blache paul 1913 des caractères distinctifs de la géographie annales de géographie 22 289 299 297 in french cited by claval paul 1986 social geography in france in eyles john ed social geography in international perspective totowa barnes noble 13 29 13 14 brunhes jean 1924 human geography london g g harrap co 36 46 originally published in french in 1910 cited by buttimer anne 1968 137 buttimer anne 1968 137 hérin robert 1984 social geography in france heritages and perspectives geojournal 9 3 231 240 231 werlen benno 2008 57 claval paul 1986 14 mauss marcel 1927 divisions et proportions des divisions de la sociologie l année sociologique nouvelle série 2 98 173 112 in french thomale eckhard 1972 136 138 hoke g w 1907 the study of social geography the geographical journal 29 1 64 67 roxby p m 1930 the scope and aims of human geography scottish geographical journal 46 5 276 290 283 del casino jr vincent j and sallie a marston 2006 997 999 1000 barrows h h 1923 geography as human ecology annals of the association of american geographers 13 1 1 14 7 thomale eckhard 1972 108 110 177 178 ernste huib and lothar smith 2009 dutch human geography in kitchin rob and nigel thrift eds international encyclopedia of human geography oxford elsevier 255 265 256 hajdu joseph j 1968 toward a definition of post war german social geography annals of the association of american geographers 58 2 397 410 bobek hans 1948 stellung und bedeutung der sozialgeographie erdkunde 2 118 125 122 in german hartke wolfgang 1959 gedanken über die bestimmung von räumen gleichen sozialgeographischen verhaltens erdkunde 13 4 426 436 427 in german hartke wolfgang 1956 die sozialbrache als phänomen der geographischen differenzierung der landschaft erdkunde 10 4 257 269 in german thomale eckhard 1984 social geographical research in germany a balance sheet for the years 1950 1980 geojournal 9 3 223 230 228 hajdu 1968 400 hérin 1984 231 claval 1986 15 demangeon a 1942 problèmes de géographie humaine paris armand colin 28 werlen 2008 60 hérin 1984 232 buttimer 1968 137 claval 1986 17 18 claval paul 1984 the concept of social space and the nature of social geography new zealand geographer 40 2 105 109 105 106 peet richard 1998 modern geographical thought oxford malden blackwell 100 102 lefebvre henri 1974 la production de l espace paris anthropos buttimer anne 1969 social space in interdisciplinary perspective geographical review 59 3 417 426 van passen christiaan 1965 preliminary to social geographical theory utrecht 3 5 hoekveld gerard 2003 christiaan van paassen 1917 1996 in armstrong patrick h and geoffrey j martin eds geographers biobibliographical studies 22 new york 157 168 158 buttimer anne 2005 edgar kant 1902 1978 a baltic pioneer geografiska annaler series b human geography 87 3 175 192 179 180 further reading edit textbooks edit jackson peter and susan j smith 1984 exploring social geography boston london allen unwin 239 p smith susan j et al eds 2010 the sage handbook of social geographies london sage 614 p valentine gill 2001 social geographies space and society new york prentice hall 400 p werlen benno 2008 sozialgeographie eine einführung 3 ed bern et al haupt 400 p in german newcastle social geographies collective 2021 social geographies an introduction rowman and littlefield international others edit gregory derek and john urry eds 1985 social relations and spatial structures basingstoke et al macmillan 440 p gregory derek 1994 geographical imaginations cambridge ma blackwell 442 p hampl martin 2000 reality society and geographical environmental organization searching for an integrated order prague faculty of science charles university in prague 112 p werlen benno 1993 society action and space an alternative human geography london new york routledge 249 p external links edit social geography open access journal social cultural geography peer reviewed journal environment and planning d society and space peer reviewed journal tijdschrift voor economische en sociale 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