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hings subject matter link relationships and grammatical features to infer social networks deliberative social networks edit deliberative social networks are webs of discussion and debate for decision making purposes they are built for the purpose of establishing sustained relationships between individuals and their government they rely upon informed opinion and advice that is given with a clear expectation of outcomes commercial social networks edit commercial social networks are designed to support business transaction and to build a trust between an individual and a brand which relies on opinion of product ideas to make the product better enabling customers to participate with the brands in promoting development service delivery and a better customer experience citation needed social guides edit a social guide recommending places to visit or contains information about places in the real world such as coffee shops restaurants and wifi hotspots etc social bookmarking edit main articles social bookmarking and enterprise bookmarking some web sites allow users to post their list of bookmarks or favorite websites for others to search and view them these sites can also be used to meet others through sharing common interests additionally many social bookmarking sites allow users to browse through websites and content shared by other users based on popularity or category as such use of social bookmarking sites is an effective tool for search engine optimization and social media optimization for webmasters 5 enterprise bookmarking is a method of tagging and linking any information using an expanded set of tags to capture knowledge about data it collects and indexes these tags in a web infrastructure server residing behind the firewall users can share knowledge tags with specified people or groups shared only inside specific networks typically within an organization social viewing edit main article social viewing social viewing allows multiple users to aggregate from multiple sources and view online videos together in a synchronized viewing experience social cataloging edit main article social cataloging application in social cataloging much like social bookmarking this software is aimed towards academics it allows the user to post a citation for an article found on the internet or a website online database like academic search premier or lexisnexis academic university a book found in a library catalog and so on these citations can be organized into predefined categories or a new category defined by the user through the use of tags this method allows academics researching or interested in similar areas to connect and share resources social libraries edit this application allows visitors to keep track of their collectibles books records and dvds users can share their collections recommendations can be generated based on user ratings using statistical computation and network theory some sites offer a buddy system as well as virtual check outs of items for borrowing among friends folksonomy or tagging is implemented on most of these sites social online storage edit social online storage applications allow their users to collaboratively create file archives containing files of any type files can either be edited online or from a local computer which has access to the storage system such systems can be built upon existing server infrastructure or leverage idle resources by applying p2p technology such systems are social because they allow public file distribution and direct file sharing with friends social network analysis edit social network analysis tools analyze the data connection graphs within social networks and information flow across those networks to identify groups such as cliques or key influencers and trends they fall into two categories professional research tools such as mathematica used by social scientists and statisticians and consumer tools such as wolfram alpha 6 7 which emphasize ease of use virtual worlds edit main article virtual world virtual worlds are services where it is possible to meet and interact with other people in a virtual environment reminiscent of the real world thus the term virtual reality typically the user manipulates an avatar through the world interacting with others using chat or voice chat massively multiplayer online games edit main article massively multiplayer online game mmogs are virtual worlds also known as virtual environments that add various sorts of point systems levels competition and winners and losers to virtual world simulation massively multiplayer online role playing games mmorpgs are a combination of role playing video games and massively multiplayer online games non game worlds edit another development are the worlds that are less game like or not games at all games have points winners and losers instead some virtual worlds are more like social networking services like myspace and facebook but with 3d simulation features economies edit main article virtual economy very often a real economy emerges in these worlds extending the non physical service economy within the world to service providers in the real world experts can design dresses or hairstyles for characters go on routine missions for them and so on and be paid in game money to do so this emergence has resulted in expanding social possibility and also in increased incentives to cheat in some games the in world economy is one of the primary features of the world some mmog companies even have economists employed full time to monitor their in game economic systems other specialized social applications edit there are many other applications with social software characteristics that facilitate human connection and collaboration in specific contexts social project management and e learning applications are among these vendor lists edit various analyst firms have attempted to list and categorize the major social software vendors in the marketplace jeremiah owyang of forrester research has listed fifty community software platforms 8 independent analyst firm real story group has categorized 23 social software vendors 9 which it evaluates head to head 9 politics and journalism edit use of social software for politics has also expanded drastically especially over 2004 2006 to include a wide range of social software often closely integrated with services like phone trees and deliberative democracy forums and run by a candidate party or caucus open politics a variant of open source governance combines aspects of the free software and open content movements promoting decision making methods claimed to be more open less antagonistic and more capable of determining what is in the public interest with respect to public policy issues it is a set of best practices from citizen journalism participatory democracy and deliberative democracy informed by e democracy and netroots experiments applying argumentation framework for issue based argument and a political philosophy which advocates the application of the philosophies of the open source and open content movements to democratic principles to enable any interested citizen to add to the creation of policy as with a wiki document legislation is democratically open to the general citizenry employing their collective wisdom to benefit the decision making process and improve democracy 10 open politics encompasses the open government principle including those for public participation and engagement such as the use of ideascale google moderator semantic mediawiki github and other software 11 collective forms of online journalism have emerged more or less in parallel in part to keep the political spin in check comparison of communication and interactive tools edit communication tools are generally asynchronous by contrast interactive tools are generally synchronous allowing users to communicate in real time phone net phone video chat or near synchronous im text chat communication involves the content of talk speech or writing whereas interaction involves the interest users establish in one another as individuals in other words a communication tool may want to make access and searching of text both simple and powerful an interactive tool may want to present as much of a user s expression performance and presence as possible the organization of texts and providing access to archived contributions differs from the facilitation of interpersonal interactions between contributors enough to warrant the distinction in media citation needed emerging technologies edit further information emerging technologies and list of emerging technologies it and communications emerging technological capabilities to more widely distribute hosting and support much higher bandwidth in real time are bypassing central content arbiters in some cases citation needed virtual presence edit main article telepresence widely viewed virtual presence or telepresence means being present via intermediate technologies usually radio telephone television or the internet in addition it can denote apparent physical appearance such as voice face and body language more narrowly the term virtual presence denotes presence on world wide web locations which are identified by urls people who are browsing a web site are considered to be virtually present at web locations virtual presence is a social software in the sense that people meet on the web by chance or intentionally the ubiquitous in the web space communication transfers behavior patterns from the real world and virtual worlds to the web research 12 has demonstrated effects 13 of online indicators debates or design choices edit social software may be better understood as a set of debates or design choices rather than any particular list of tools broadly conceived there are many older media such as mailing lists and usenet fora that qualify as social however most users of this term restrict its meaning to more recent software genres such as blogs and wikis others suggest that the term social software is best used not to refer to a single type of software but rather to the use of two or more modes of computer mediated communication that result in community formation 14 in this view people form online communities by combining one to one e g email and instant messaging one to many web pages and blogs and many to many wikis communication modes 15 some groups schedule real life meetings and so become real communities of people that share physical lives most definers of social software agree that they seem to facilitate bottom up community development the system is classless and promotes those with abilities membership is voluntary reputations are earned by winning the trust of other members and the community s missions and governance are defined by the members themselves 16 communities formed by bottom up processes are often contrasted to the less vibrant collectivities formed by top down software in which users roles are determined by an external authority and circumscribed by rigidly conceived software mechanisms such as access rights given small differences in policies the same type of software can produce radically different social outcomes for instance tiki wiki cms groupware has a fine grained permission system of detailed access control so the site administrator can on a page by page basis determine which groups can view edit or view the history by contrast mediawiki avoids per user controls to keep most pages editable by most users and puts more information about users currently editing in its recent changes pages the result is that tiki can be used both by community groups who embrace the social paradigm of mediawiki and by groups who prefer to have more content control citation needed by design social software reflects the traits of social networks and is consciously designed to let social network analysis work with a very compatible database all social software systems create links between users as persistent as the identity those users choose through these persistent links a permanent community can be formed out of a formerly epistemic community the ownership and control of these links who is linked and who is not is in the hands of the user thus these links are asymmetrical one might link to another but that person might not link to the first 17 also these links are functional not decorative one can choose not to receive any content from people you are not connected to for example wikipedia user pages are a very good example and often contain extremely detailed information about the person who constructed them including everything from their mother tongue to their moral purchasing preferences in late 2008 analyst firm cms watch argued that a scenario based use case approach to examining social software would provide a useful method to evaluate tools and align business and technology needs 18 methods and tools for the development of social software are sometimes summarized under the term social software engineering however this term is also used to describe lightweight and community oriented development practices 19 theory edit constructivist learning theorists such as vygotsky leidner and jarvenpaa have theorized that the process of expressing knowledge aids its creation and that conversations benefit the refinement of knowledge conversational knowledge management software fulfills this purpose because conversations e g questions and answers become the source of relevant knowledge in the organization 20 conversational technologies are also seen as tools to support both individual knowledge workers and work units 21 many advocates of social software assume and even actively argue that users create actual communities they have adopted the term online communities to describe the resulting social structures history edit christopher allen supported this definition and traced the core ideas of the concept back through computer supported cooperative or collaborative work cscw in the 1990s groupware in the 1970s and 1980s to englebart s augmentation 1960s and bush s memex 1940s although he identifies a lifecycle to this terminology that appears to reemerge each decade in a different form this does not necessarily mean that social software is simply old wine in new bottles 22 the augmentation capabilities of social software were demonstrated in early internet applications for communication such as e mail newsgroups groupware virtual communities etc in the current phase of allen s lifecycle these collaborative tools add a capability that aggregates the actions of networked users this development points to a powerful dynamic that distinguishes social software from other group collaboration tools and as a component of web 2 0 technology capabilities for content and behavior aggregation and redistribution present some of the more important potentials of this media citation needed in the next phase academic experiments social constructivism and the open source software movement are ...