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on and substance use disorders 2 13 poverty 2 14 public assistance 2 15 epilepsy 2 15 1 hong kong 2 16 media 2 17 education and culture 2 18 abortion 2 19 stigmatization of prejudice 2 20 spatial stigma 3 see also 4 references toggle references subsection 4 1 citations 4 2 sources 5 external links toggle the table of contents social stigma 43 languages العربية azərbaycanca български bosanski català čeština dansk deutsch esperanto español eesti فارسی suomi français עברית bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 lietuvių latviešu bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål papiamentu polski پښتو português română русский simple english slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia type of discrimination or disapproval this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources social stigma news newspapers books scholar jstor march 2023 learn how and when to remove this message an illustration of examples of various social stigmas against bisexual people stigma originally referring to the visible marking of people considered inferior has evolved to mean a negative perception or sense of disapproval that a society places on a group or individual based on certain group characteristics such as their socioeconomic status gender race religion appearance upbringing origin or health status social stigma can take different forms and depends on the specific time and place in which it arises and the existence or assigning of such stigma is stigmatization once a person is stigmatized they are often associated with stereotypes that lead to discrimination marginalization and psychological problems 1 this process of stigmatization not only affects the social status and behavior of stigmatized persons but also shapes their own self perception which can lead to psychological problems such as depression and low self esteem stigmatized people are often aware that they are perceived and treated differently which can start at an early age research shows that children are aware of cultural stereotypes at an early age which affects their perception of their own identity and their interactions with the world around them description edit stigma plural stigmas or stigmata is a greek word that in its origins referred to a type of marking or the tattoo that was cut or burned into the skin of people with criminal records slaves or those seen as traitors in order to visibly identify them as supposedly blemished or morally polluted persons these individuals were to be avoided particularly in public places 2 stigma may also be described as a label that associates a person to a set of unwanted characteristics that form a stereotype it is also affixed 3 stigma may affect the behavior of those who are stigmatized those who are stereotyped often start to act in ways that their stigmatizers expect of them it not only changes their behavior but it also shapes their emotions and beliefs 4 members of stigmatized social groups often face prejudice that causes depression i e deprejudice 5 members of stigmatized groups start to become aware that they are not being treated the same way and know they are likely being discriminated against studies have shown that by 10 years of age most children are aware of cultural stereotypes of different groups in society and children who are members of stigmatized groups are aware of cultural types at an even younger age 4 main theories and contributions edit émile durkheim edit in 1895 french sociologist émile durkheim laid the groundwork for studying stigma by introducing the concept of deviance as a normal social phenomenon in the rules of sociological method he wrote imagine a society of saints a perfect cloister of exemplary individuals crimes or deviance properly so called will there be unknown but faults which appear venial to the layman will there create the same scandal that the ordinary offense does in ordinary consciousnesses if then this society has the power to judge and punish it will define these acts as criminal or deviant and will treat them as such 6 erving goffman edit erving goffman described stigma as a phenomenon whereby an individual with an attribute which is deeply discredited by their society is rejected as a result of the attribute goffman saw stigma as a process by which the reaction of others spoils normal identity 7 more specifically he explained that what constituted this attribute would change over time it should be seen that a language of relationships not attributes is really needed an attribute that stigmatizes one type of possessor can confirm the usualness of another and therefore is neither credible nor discreditable as a thing in itself 7 in goffman s theory of social stigma a stigma is an attribute behavior or reputation which is socially discrediting in a particular way it causes an individual to be mentally classified by others in an undesirable rejected stereotype rather than in an accepted normal one goffman defined stigma as a special kind of gap between virtual social identity and actual social identity while a stranger is present before us evidence can arise of his possessing an attribute that makes him different from others in the category of persons available for him to be and of a less desirable kind in the extreme a person who is quite thoroughly bad or dangerous or weak he is thus reduced in our minds from a whole and usual person to a tainted discounted one such an attribute is a stigma especially when its discrediting effect is very extensive it constitutes a special discrepancy between virtual and actual social identity goffman 1963 3 the stigmatized the normal and the wise edit goffman divides the individual s relation to a stigma into three categories the stigmatized being those who bear the stigma the normals being those who do not bear the stigma and the wise being those among the normals who are accepted by the stigmatized as understanding and accepting of their condition borrowing the term from the homosexual community the wise normals are not merely those who are in some sense accepting of the stigma they are rather those whose special situation has made them intimately privy to the secret life of the stigmatized individual and sympathetic with it and who find themselves accorded a measure of acceptance a measure of courtesy membership in the clan that is they are accepted by the stigmatized as honorary members of the stigmatized group wise persons are the marginal men before whom the individual with a fault need feel no shame nor exert self control knowing that in spite of his failing he will be seen as an ordinary other goffman notes that the wise may in certain social situations also bear the stigma with respect to other normals that is they may also be stigmatized for being wise an example is a parent of a homosexual another is a white woman who is seen socializing with a black man assuming social milieus in which homosexuals and dark skinned people are stigmatized a 2012 study 8 showed empirical support for the existence of the own the wise and normals as separate groups but the wise appeared in two forms active wise and passive wise the active wise encouraged challenging stigmatization and educating stigmatizers but the passive wise did not ethical considerations edit individuals actively cope with stigma in ways that vary across stigmatized groups across individuals within stigmatized groups and within individuals across time and situations 9 the stigmatized edit the stigmatized are ostracized devalued scorned shunned and ignored they experience discrimination in the realms of employment and housing 10 perceived prejudice and discrimination is also associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes 11 young people who experience stigma associated with mental health difficulties may face negative reactions from their peer group 12 13 14 15 those who perceive themselves to be members of a stigmatized group whether it is obvious to those around them or not often experience psychological distress and many view themselves contemptuously 16 although the experience of being stigmatized may take a toll on self esteem academic achievement and other outcomes many people with stigmatized attributes have high self esteem perform at high levels are happy and appear to be quite resilient to their negative experiences 16 the stigmatizer edit from the perspective of the stigmatizer stigmatization involves threat aversion clarification needed and sometimes the depersonalization of others into stereotypic caricatures stigmatizing others can serve several functions for an individual including self esteem enhancement control enhancement and anxiety buffering through downward comparison comparing oneself to less fortunate others can increase one s own subjective sense of well being and therefore boost one s self esteem 16 21st century social psychologists consider stigmatizing and stereotyping to be a normal consequence of people s cognitive abilities and limitations and of the social information and experiences to which they are exposed 16 current views of stigma from the perspectives of both the stigmatizer and the stigmatized person consider the process of stigma to be highly situationally specific dynamic complex and nonpathological 16 gerhard falk edit german born sociologist and historian gerhard falk wrote all societies will always stigmatize some conditions and some behaviors because doing so provides for group solidarity by delineating outsiders from insiders 17 falk 18 describes stigma based on two categories existential stigma and achieved stigma he defines existential stigma as stigma deriving from a condition which the target of the stigma either did not cause or over which he has little control he defines achieved stigma as stigma that is earned because of conduct and or because they contributed heavily to attaining the stigma in question 17 stigmatization at its essence is a challenge to one s humanity for both the stigmatized person and the stigmatizer the majority of stigma researchers have found the process of stigmatization has a long history and is cross culturally ubiquitous 16 link and phelan stigmatization model edit bruce link and jo phelan propose that stigma exists when four specific components converge 19 individuals differentiate and label human variations prevailing cultural beliefs tie those labeled to adverse attributes labeled individuals are placed in distinguished groups that serve to establish a sense of disconnection between us and them labeled individuals experience status loss and discrimination that leads to unequal circumstances in this model stigmatization is also contingent on access to social economic and political power that allows the identification of differences construction of stereotypes the separation of labeled persons into distinct groups and the full execution of disapproval rejection exclusion and discrimination subsequently in this model the term stigma is applied when labeling stereotyping disconnection status loss and discrimination all exist within a power situation that facilitates stigma to occur disadvantage edit the fourth component of stigmatization in this model includes status loss and discrimination many definitions of stigma do not include this aspect however these authors believe that this loss occurs inherently as individuals are labeled set apart and linked to undesirable characteristics the members of the labeled groups are subsequently disadvantaged in the most common group of life chances including income education mental well being housing status health and medical treatment thus stigmatization by the majorities the powerful or the superior leads to the othering of the minorities the powerless and the inferior whereby the stigmatized individuals become disadvantaged due to the ideology created by the self which is the opposing force to the other as a result the others become socially excluded and those in power reason the exclusion based on the original characteristics that led to the stigma 20 necessity of power edit the authors also emphasize 19 the role of power social economic and political power in stigmatization while the use of power is clear in some situations in others it can become masked as the power differences are less stark an extreme example of a situation in which the power role was explicitly clear was the treatment of jewish people by the nazis on the other hand an example of a situation in which individuals of a stigmatized group have stigma related processes clarification needed occurring would be the inmates of a prison it is imaginable that each of the steps described above would occur regarding the inmates thoughts about the guards however this situation cannot involve true stigmatization according to this model because the prisoners do not have the economic political or social power to act on these thoughts with any serious discriminatory consequences stigma allure and authenticity edit sociologist matthew w hughey explains that prior research on stigma has emphasized individual and group attempts to reduce stigma by passing as normal by shunning the stigmatized or through selective disclosure of stigmatized attributes yet some actors may embrace particular markings of stigma e g social markings like dishonor or select physical dysfunctions and abnormalities as signs of moral commitment and or cultural and political authenticity hence hughey argues that some actors do not simply desire to pass into normal but may actively pursue a stigmatized identity formation process in order to experience themselves as causal agents in their social environment hughey calls this phenomenon stigma allure 21 the six dimensions of stigma edit while often incorrectly attributed to goffman the six dimensions of stigma were not his invention they were developed to augment goffman s two levels the discredited and the discreditable goffman considered individuals whose stigmatizing attributes are not immediately evident in that case the individual can encounter two distinct social atmospheres in the first he is discreditable his stigma has yet to be revealed but may be revealed either intentionally by him in which case he will have some control over how or by some factor he cannot control of course it also might be successfully concealed goffman called this passing in this situation the analysis of stigma is concerned only ...