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tter 4 related letters and other similar characters 5 computing codes 6 see also 7 references toggle the table of contents soft sign 68 languages аԥсшәа afrikaans العربية مصرى авар башҡортса беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български brezhoneg català нохчийн čeština чӑвашла deutsch esperanto español eesti فارسی suomi français nordfriisk 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 hausa עברית hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen bahasa indonesia medžuslovjansky italiano 日本語 ქართული kumoring қазақша 한국어 коми кыргызча лакку олык марий македонски nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål polski português română русский русиньскый саха тыла davvisámegiella srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina српски srpski svenska ไทย türkçe татарча tatarça тыва дыл удмурт українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча 吴语 хальмг 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia letter of the cyrillic script this article is about the cyrillic character for the psychopathology related neurological symptom see neurological soft signs not to be confused with b ƅ or i with bowl this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources soft sign news newspapers books scholar jstor may 2025 learn how and when to remove this message soft sign ь ь usage writing system cyrillic type alphabetic language of origin old church slavonic east slavic languages sound values ʲ in unicode u 042c u 044c history development ⱐ ⱐ ь ь other associated graphs ꚝ this article contains phonetic transcriptions in the international phonetic alphabet ipa for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa for the distinction between and see ipa brackets and transcription delimiters soft sign from alexandre benois 1904 alphabet book it shows prorub ice hole v yuga snowstorm and puzyr bubble the soft sign ь ь italics ь ь or ь ь italics ь ь is a letter in the cyrillic script that is used in various slavic languages 1 in old church slavonic it represented a short or reduced front vowel however over time the specific vowel sound it denoted was largely eliminated and merged with other vowel sounds in most contemporary slavic cyrillic writing systems such as those used in east slavic languages russian ukrainian belarusian and church slavic the soft sign does not represent a distinct sound on its own instead it serves as an indicator of palatalization of the preceding consonant in the bulgarian language it is only used to mark the palatalization of the preceding consonant when in front of the letter o causing the combination ьо ʲo an example of this is the word гьол gʲol palatalization is a linguistic process in which the middle of the tongue moves closer to the hard palate while pronouncing a consonant it affects the pronunciation of the preceding consonant by giving it a palatal quality or causing it to become a palatal consonant the soft sign acts as a visual marker to show that the consonant before it is palatalized for example in russian the soft sign is often used after consonants to indicate palatalization it affects the pronunciation of the preceding consonant and can change the sound of words the specific effect varies depending on the consonant it follows in other slavic languages where the soft sign is used a similar palatalization function is observed it may also be used as a superscript ꚝ in lithuanian dialectology 2 uses and meanings edit palatalization sign edit main article palatalization phonetics the soft sign is normally written after a consonant and indicates its softening palatalization for example ukrainian бат ь ко father less commonly the soft sign just has a grammatically determined usage with no phonetic meaning like russian туш fanfare and туш ь india ink both pronounced tuʂ but different in grammatical gender and declension in east slavic languages and some other slavic languages such as bulgarian there are some consonants that do not have phonetically different palatalized forms but corresponding letters still admit the affixing soft sign the serbian cyrillic alphabet has had no soft sign as a distinct letter since the mid 19th century palatalization is represented by special consonant letters instead of the sign some of these letters such as љ or њ were designed as ligatures with the grapheme of the soft sign the modern macedonian alphabet based on the serbian cyrillic variant has had no soft sign since its creation in 1944 before a vowel in east slavic languages edit between a consonant and a vowel the soft sign bears also a function of iotation sign in russian vowels after the soft sign are iotated compare russian льют lʲjut they pour cast and лют lʲut he is fierce the feature quite consistent with russian orthography promulgated a confusion between palatalization and iotation especially because ь usually precedes so called soft vowels combinations ья ya ье ye ьё yo and ью yu give iotated vowels like corresponding vowel letters in isolation and word initially and unlike its use immediately after a consonant letter in which palatalization can occur but not iotation in those cases ь may be considered as a sign indicating that a vowel after it is pronounced separately from the previous consonant but that is the case neither for ьи yi nor for ьо yo because these vowels are not iotated in isolation the latter case though is rarely used in russian only in loanwords such as бульон and can be seen as a replacement of phonetically identical ьё which gets rid of an inconvenient letter ё in ukrainian and bulgarian the spelling ьо indicates palatalization not iotation known as the hard sign russian твёрдый знак romanized tvjordyj znak pronounced ˈtvʲɵrdɨj ˈznak ъ an unpalatalization sign also denotes iotation as in the case of ъя ъе ъё and ъю in russian it differs from the soft sign in that it does not necessarily soften the preceding consonant like the soft sign does although consonants preceding the hard sign are still sometimes softened similarly the soft sign may denote iotation in belarusian and ukrainian but it is not used so extensively as in russian ukrainian uses a quite different repertoire of vowel letters from those of russian and belarusian and iotation is usually expressed by an apostrophe in ukrainian still the soft sign is used in ukrainian if the sound preceded by an iotated vowel is palatalized in bulgarian edit among slavic languages using the cyrillic script the soft sign has the most limited use in bulgarian while phonemic palatalization does occur it is very limited even more than in other hard languages like serbian compare bulgarian кон to russian конь or serbian коњ the only possible position is one between consonants and о such as in names жельо кръстьо and гьончо or the word синьо rather the letter is mostly used in foreign words of french or german origin such as шофьор driver chauffeur there are almost no native bulgarian words with the soft sign the letter is sometimes used to represent some dialect pronunciations твърдо нье citation needed as a vowel in slavic studies and in old church slavonic edit see also proto slavic language notation proto balto slavic language notation and yer in slavistic transcription which is a system used to represent proto slavic language the cyrillic letters ь and ъ are employed to denote extra short vowel sounds known as yers ь represents the extra short ĭ sound while ъ represents the extra short ŭ sound they were called ѥрь jerь and ѥръ jerъ respectively and corresponded to glagolitic ⱐ and ⱏ 3 4 proto slavic refers to the common ancestor of the slavic languages which was spoken around the 5th to 9th centuries ad during this period the slavic languages were still in the process of diverging from a shared linguistic ancestor slavistic transcription aims to reconstruct the phonological features of proto slavic based on historical and comparative linguistics the extra short ĭ sound represented by ь was a front vowel similar to the sound of i in the english word bit on the other hand the extra short ŭ sound represented by ъ was a back vowel similar to the sound of u in the english word put by utilizing ь and ъ in slavistic transcription linguists and researchers can indicate the presence of these extra short vowel sounds in reconstructed proto slavic words this transcription system allows for a more accurate representation of the phonetic and phonological characteristics of the ancestral slavic language digraphs edit in certain non slavic cyrillic based alphabets such as chechen ingush and various dagestanian languages like tabasaran the digraph аь is introduced to represent the sounds æ or a this combination of the letter а and the soft sign ь denotes a specific vowel sound similarly the digraph оь is used for œ or ø and уь for y additional iotated forms like юь and яь are used as needed this usage of the soft sign is similar to the trailing e in german when umlauts are unavailable this approach allows for the representation of specific vowel sounds in these non slavic languages using the available cyrillic characters the soft sign ь combined with other letters creates digraphs to represent distinct phonemes that cannot be expressed by the bare letters alone there have also been proposals to use the аь digraph in turkic languages as a replacement for cyrillic schwa ә which represents the sound ə or æ only nogai as a turkic language uses this digraph unlike schwa which may not be present in all cyrillic character repertoires both а and ь are commonly available letters in the basic modern russian alphabet in addition to its use with vowels the soft sign like the hard sign and the palochka is employed in many languages as digraphs to represent consonant sounds that are phonetically similar but distinct from the bare letter for example while the letter г represents the sound g the combination гь represents ɣ in crimean tatar ɦ in archi and h in avar and tabasaran representations edit under normal orthographic rules it has no uppercase form as no word begins with the letter however cyrillic type fonts normally provide an uppercase form for setting type in all caps or for using it as an element of various serial numbers like series of soviet banknotes and indices for example there was once a model of old russian steam locomotives marked ь ru паровоз ь in the romanization of cyrillic the soft sign is typically transliterated with u 02b9 ʹ modifier letter prime sometimes u 02bc ʼ modifier letter apostrophe is used or the soft sign may be ignored if it is in a position that it does not denote iotation for example тверь tver обь ob it can also be transcribed y or i if preceding a vowel in belarusian it is romanized as a combining acute e g зь ź ць ć нь ń ль ĺ name of letter edit belarusian мяккі знак romanized miakki znak lit soft sign ipa ˈmʲakʲːi ˈznak bulgarian ер малък romanized er malǎk lit small yer ipa ɛr ˈmalɐk the hard sign ъ being named ер голям er golyam big yer russian buryat зөөлэн тэмдэг romanized zöölen temdeg zœːˈlɛn ˈtɛmdək church slavonic єрь romanized yerʹ old church slavonic ѥрь romanized yerĭ with unknown meaning kalmyk җөөлн темдг romanized cööln temdg d͡ʒœːˈlən tɛmˈdək kazakh жіңішкелік белгісі romanized jıñışkelık belgısı lit sign of softness ipa ʑɪŋɪɕkjɪlɪk bjɪlɡɪsɪ kyrgyz ичкертүү белгиси romanized içkertüü belgisi mongolian зөөлний тэмдэг romanized zöölnii temdeg ipa ˈt͡soːɮniː ˈtʰemteɡ romanian семнул моале romanized semnul moale lit soft sign ipa ˈsemnul ˈmo̯a le russian мягкий знак romanized myagkiy znak lit soft sign ipa ˈmʲæxʲkʲɪj ˈznak or archaic mostly pre 1917 name ерь yer ipa jerʲ serbian танко јер romanized tanko jer lit thin yer or simply јер jer yer the hard sign ъ being named дебело јер debelo jer thick yer or јор jor yor ukrainian м який знак romanized miakyi znak lit soft sign ipa mjɐˈkɪj ˈznɑk uzbek юмшатиш белгиси yumshatish belgisi ipa jʉmʃatɨʃ belɡisɨ related letters and other similar characters edit latin letter b which lowercase letter is nearly identical ъ ъ cyrillic letter hard sign ҍ ҍ cyrillic letter semisoft sign ѣ ѣ cyrillic letter yat ы ы cyrillic letter yery љ љ cyrillic letter lje њ њ cyrillic letter nje cyrillic letter tje i with bowl computing codes edit character information preview ь ь unicode name cyrillic capital letter soft sign cyrillic small letter soft sign encodings decimal hex dec hex unicode 1068 u 042c 1100 u 044c utf 8 208 172 d0 ac 209 140 d1 8c numeric character reference 1068 x42c 1100 x44c named character reference softcy softcy koi8 r and koi8 u 248 f8 216 d8 code page 855 238 ee 237 ed code page 866 156 9c 236 ec windows 1251 220 dc 252 fc iso 8859 5 204 cc 236 ec macintosh cyrillic 156 9c 252 fc see also edit look up soft sign ь or ь in wiktionary the free dictionary ğ references edit ь brockhaus and efron encyclopedic dictionary in russian 1906 girdenis a 2000 kalbotyros darbai studies in linguistics vilnius mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas isbn 978 5 420 01475 2 cubberley paul 1993 alphabets and transliteration in comrie bernard corbett greville c eds the slavonic languages london and new york routledge p 24 хабургаев г а 1986 старославянский язык москва просвещение endpaper кириллическая азбука в сопосталении с византийским уницалом и глаголицей v t e cyrillic script italics indicate that the language no longer uses cyrillic cyrillic alphabets early abaza abkhaz albanian aleut avar azerbaijani balochi bashkir belarusian bosnian bulgarian buryat chechen crimean tatar dargwa dungan even evenki gagauz ingush interslavic kalmyk karakalpak karelian kazakh khakas kildin sámi komi kurdish kyrgyz lezgin macedonian mansi mongolian montenegrin mordvinic nivkh nogai polish ossetian pannonian rusyn parya romani romanian transitional moldovan russian rusyn serbian tat judeo tat tatar tajik tlingit turkmen udege udmurt ukrainian uyghur uzbek yakut siberian yupik chaplino dialect naukan yupik cyrillization of arabic chinese french german greek japanese korean lithuanian manchu polish letters of the cyrillic script primary letters аа бб вв гг дд ее жж зз ии іі йй кк лл мм нн оо пп рр сс тт уу фф хх цц чч шш щщ ъъ ыы ьь ээ юю яя other slavic letters а̂а̂ а̄а̄ ӑӑ ӓӓ ѓѓ ґґ ђђ е̂е̂ е̄е̄ ёё єє з́з́ ѕѕ її ꙇꙇ и̂и̂ ӣӣ ӥӥ јј љљ њњ о̂о̂ о̄о̄ ӧӧ с́с́ ќќ ћћ у̂у̂ ӯӯ ўў ӱӱ џџ ꙏꙏ non slavic letters а̊а̊ а̃а̃ ӓ̄ӓ̄ ӕӕ әә ә̃ә̃ ӛӛ в̌в̌ ԝԝ ҕҕ ғғ ӻӻ ғ̌ғ̌ ӷӷ д̌д̌ д̆д̆ ӗӗ е̃е̃ ё̄ё̄ є̈є̈ ԑԑ җҗ ӝӝ ӂӂ ҙҙ ӟӟ з̌з̌ ӡӡ и̃и̃ ҋҋ ққ ӄӄ ҡҡ ҟҟ ҝҝ ԛԛ л́л́ ӆӆ ԯԯ ԓԓ ӎӎ ᵸ ӊӊ ԩԩ ңң ӈӈ ҥҥ о̆о̆ о̃о̃ өө ө̄ө̄ ө̆ө̆ ӫӫ ԥԥ р̌р̌ ҏҏ ҫҫ т̌т̌ ҭҭ у̃у̃ ӳӳ у̊у̊ ұұ үү х̌х̌ ҳҳ ӽӽ ӿӿ һһ ԧԧ ҵҵ ҷҷ ӵӵ ӌӌ ч̡ч̡ ҹҹ ч̣ч̣ ҽҽ ҿҿ ы̄ы...