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ted at least once this is helpful in ensuring correct functionality but not sufficient since the same code may process different inputs correctly or incorrectly 38 black box testing edit main article black box testing black box diagram black box testing also known as functional testing describes designing test cases without knowledge of the implementation without reading the source code the testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do not how it does it 39 black box testing methods include equivalence partitioning boundary value analysis all pairs testing state transition tables decision table testing fuzz testing model based testing use case testing exploratory testing and specification based testing 32 33 37 specification based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements 40 this level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester who then can simply verify that for a given input the output value or behavior either is or is not the same as the expected value specified in the test case test cases are built around specifications and requirements i e what the application is supposed to do it uses external descriptions of the software including specifications requirements and designs to derive test cases these tests can be functional or non functional though usually functional specification based testing may be necessary to assure correct functionality but it is insufficient to guard against complex or high risk situations 41 black box testing can be used to any level of testing although usually not at the unit level 34 component interface testing component interface testing is a variation of black box testing with the focus on the data values beyond just the related actions of a subsystem component 42 the practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units or subsystem components beyond full integration testing between those units 43 44 the data being passed can be considered as message packets and the range or data types can be checked for data generated from one unit and tested for validity before being passed into another unit one option for interface testing is to keep a separate log file of data items being passed often with a timestamp logged to allow analysis of thousands of cases of data passed between units for days or weeks tests can include checking the handling of some extreme data values while other interface variables are passed as normal values 43 unusual data values in an interface can help explain unexpected performance in the next unit visual testing edit the aim of visual testing is to provide developers with the ability to examine what was happening at the point of software failure by presenting the data in such a way that the developer can easily find the information he or she requires and the information is expressed clearly 45 46 at the core of visual testing is the idea that showing someone a problem or a test failure rather than just describing it greatly increases clarity and understanding visual testing therefore requires the recording of the entire test process capturing everything that occurs on the test system in video format output videos are supplemented by real time tester input via picture in a picture webcam and audio commentary from microphones visual testing provides a number of advantages the quality of communication is increased drastically because testers can show the problem and the events leading up to it to the developer as opposed to just describing it and the need to replicate test failures will cease to exist in many cases the developer will have all the evidence he or she requires of a test failure and can instead focus on the cause of the fault and how it should be fixed ad hoc testing and exploratory testing are important methodologies for checking software integrity because they require less preparation time to implement while the important bugs can be found quickly 47 in ad hoc testing where testing takes place in an improvised impromptu way the ability of the tester s to base testing off documented methods and then improvise variations of those tests can result in a more rigorous examination of defect fixes 47 however unless strict documentation of the procedures is maintained one of the limits of ad hoc testing is lack of repeatability 47 further information graphical user interface testing grey box testing edit main article gray box testing grey box testing american spelling gray box testing involves using knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests while executing those tests at the user or black box level the tester will often have access to both the source code and the executable binary 48 grey box testing may also include reverse engineering using dynamic code analysis to determine for instance boundary values or error messages 48 manipulating input data and formatting output do not qualify as grey box as the input and output are clearly outside of the black box that we are calling the system under test this distinction is particularly important when conducting integration testing between two modules of code written by two different developers where only the interfaces are exposed for the test by knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works the tester makes better informed testing choices while testing the software from outside typically a grey box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database the tester can observe the state of the product being tested after performing certain actions such as executing sql statements against the database and then executing queries to ensure that the expected changes have been reflected grey box testing implements intelligent test scenarios based on limited information this will particularly apply to data type handling exception handling and so on 49 with the concept of grey box testing this arbitrary distinction between black and white box testing has faded somewhat 34 installation testing edit this section is an excerpt from installation testing edit installation testing is a type of software testing that verifies that users can successfully install and set up software in its intended environments e g operating systems computer hardware most software systems have installation procedures that are needed before they can be used for their main purpose installation testing focuses on these procedures and whether they re sufficient for achieving an installed usable software system 50 139 procedures of this kind may involve full or partial upgrades and install uninstall processes a user must select a variety of options dependent files and libraries must be allocated loaded or located valid hardware configurations must be present software systems may need connectivity to connect to other software systems 50 145 valid accurate and sufficient documentation e g installation guide user manual quick reference readme file etc must be present and accessible 51 compatibility testing edit main article compatibility testing a common cause of software failure real or perceived is a lack of its compatibility with other application software operating systems or operating system versions old or new or target environments that differ greatly from the original such as a terminal or gui application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application which must render in a web browser for example in the case of a lack of backward compatibility this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment which not all users may be running this results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment were capable of using sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library smoke and sanity testing edit main article smoke testing software sanity testing determines whether it is reasonable to proceed with further testing smoke testing consists of minimal attempts to operate the software designed to determine whether there are any basic problems that will prevent it from working at all such tests can be used as build verification test regression testing edit main article regression testing regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred specifically it seeks to uncover software regressions as degraded or lost features including old bugs that have come back such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working correctly stops working as intended typically regressions occur as an unintended consequence of program changes when the newly developed part of the software collides with the previously existing code regression testing is typically the largest test effort in commercial software development 52 due to checking numerous details in prior software features and even new software can be developed while using some old test cases to test parts of the new design to ensure prior functionality is still supported common methods of regression testing include re running previous sets of test cases and checking whether previously fixed faults have re emerged the depth of testing depends on the phase in the release process and the risk of the added features they can either be complete for changes added late in the release or deemed to be risky or be very shallow consisting of positive tests on each feature if the changes are early in the release or deemed to be of low risk acceptance testing edit main article acceptance testing acceptance testing is system level testing to ensure the software meets customer expectations 53 54 55 56 acceptance testing may be performed at the end or in the middle of a project including after each completed user story in an agile project 57 tests are frequently grouped into these levels by where they are performed in the software development process or by the level of specificity of the test 56 user acceptance testing uat operational acceptance testing oat contractual and regulatory acceptance testing alpha and beta testing sometimes uat is performed by the customer in their environment and on their own hardware oat is used to conduct operational readiness prerelease of a product service or system as part of a quality management system oat is a common type of non functional software testing used mainly in software development and software maintenance projects this type of testing focuses on the operational readiness of the system to be supported or to become part of the production environment hence it is also known as operational readiness testing ort or operations readiness and assurance or a testing functional testing within oat is limited to those tests that are required to verify the non functional aspects of the system in addition the software testing should ensure that the portability of the system as well as working as expected does not also damage or partially corrupt its operating environment or cause other processes within that environment to become inoperative 58 contractual acceptance testing is performed based on the contract s acceptance criteria defined during the agreement of the contract while regulatory acceptance testing is performed based on the relevant regulations to the software product both of these two tests can be performed by users or independent testers regulation acceptance testing sometimes involves the regulatory agencies auditing the test results 56 alpha testing edit alpha testing is simulated or actual operational testing by potential users customers or an independent test team at the developers site alpha testing is often employed for off the shelf software as a form of internal acceptance testing before the software goes to beta testing 59 beta testing edit see also software release life cycle beta beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing versions of the software known as beta versions are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers the software is released to groups of people so that further testing can ensure the product has few faults or bugs beta versions can be made available to the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number of future users and to deliver value earlier for an extended or even indefinite period of time perpetual beta 60 functional vs non functional testing edit functional testing refers to activities that verify a specific action or function of the code these are usually found in the code requirements documentation although some development methodologies work from use cases or user stories functional tests tend to answer the question of can the user do this or does this particular feature work non functional testing refers to aspects of the software that may not be related to a specific function or user action such as scalability or other performance behavior under certain constraints or security testing will determine the breaking point the point at which extremes of scalability or performance leads to unstable execution non functional requirements tend to be those that reflect the quality of the product particularly in the context of the suitability perspective of its users continuous testing edit main article continuous testing continuous testing is the process of executing automated tests as part of the software delivery pipeline to obtain immediate feedback on the business risks associated with a software release candidate 61 62 continuous testing includes the validation of both functional requirements and non functional requirements the scope of testing extends from validating bottom up requirements or user stories to assessing the system requirements associated with overarching business goals 63 64 destructive testing edit main article destructive testing destructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub system to fail it verifies whether the software functions properly when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs thereby assessing the robustness of input validation and error management routines 65 software fault injection in the form of fuzzing is an example of failure testing various commercial non functional testing tools are linked from the software fault injection page there are also numerous open source and free software tools available that perform destructive testing further information exception handling and recovery testing software performance testing edit main article software performance testing performance testing is generally executed to determine how a system or sub system performs in terms...