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t view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia military of south africa from 1957 to 1994 sadf redirects here for other uses see sadf disambiguation not to be confused with the current south african military the south african national defence force sandf south african defence force suid afrikaanse weermag afrikaans official emblem sadf ensign 1981 1994 founded 1957 69 years ago 1957 current form sandf 1 5 disbanded 1994 32 years ago 1994 service branches south african army south african navy south african air force south african medical service headquarters pretoria transvaal south africa leadership state president see list minister of defence see list chief of the sadf see list personnel military age white males between 17 65 years of age 1957 1993 2 3 conscription 2 years compulsory service active personnel 82 400 1986 est 4 expenditure budget us 3 092 billion 4 percent of gdp 4 1 from 1966 1980 9 25 in 1987 4 industry domestic suppliers armscor 4 foreign suppliers belgium 5 france 6 israel 6 7 rhodesia until 1979 8 9 switzerland 10 australia 11 united kingdom 12 united states 13 pahlavi iran until 1979 14 related articles history rhodesian bush war south african border war angolan civil war mozambican civil war 1981 seychelles coup attempt bophuthatswana coup d état ranks south african military ranks the south african defence force sadf afrikaans suid afrikaanse weermag comprised the armed forces of south africa from 1957 until 1994 shortly before the state reconstituted itself as a republic in 1961 the former union defence force was officially succeeded by the sadf which was established by the defence act no 44 of 1957 the sadf in turn was superseded by the south african national defence force in 1994 15 16 17 mission and structure edit the sadf was organised to perform a dual mission to counter possible insurgency in all forms and to maintain a conventional military arm which could defend the republic s borders making retaliatory strikes as necessary 4 as the military expanded during the 1970s the sadf general staff was organised into six sections finance intelligence logistics operations personnel and planning uniquely the south african medical service sams was made co equal with the south african army the south african navy and the south african air force 18 during apartheid armed sadf troops were used in countering terror attacks often directly supporting the south african police 19 20 south african military units were involved in the long running mozambican and angolan civil wars 21 frequently supporting pretoria s allies the mozambican national resistance renamo 22 and the national union for the total independence of angola unita 23 24 sadf personnel were also deployed during the related south african border war 25 26 composition edit the military was mostly composed of white south africans who alone were subject to conscription 27 28 29 the permanent force of the army was 85 afrikaans speaking 30 however black south africans were the second largest group and asians and coloured citizens with mixed ancestry were eligible to serve as volunteers several attaining commissioned rank from 1971 onwards several black battalions were raised in the infantry and service corps on a tribal basis most black soldiers serving in these exclusive tribal battalions which had black ncos but white commissioned officers the first black personnel were accepted into commissioned ranks only from 1986 and then only for serving black soldiers and ncos the regular commission would not be open for bantus until 1991 and then again they would serve only in black units or support service support units to avoid having position of authority over white combat arms personnel the first black officer to be promoted to lieutenant colonel rank and have command over a battalion sized unit was appointed in february 1994 however black officer candidates from the various homeland forces and from south west africa swatf had been accepted since 1981 31 units such as the 32 battalion incorporated many black volunteers as did the 101 battalion 32 conscription was opposed by organisations such as the end conscription campaign but overall white morale remained high as indicated by the few recruits tried for serious disciplinary offences 4 history edit sadf paratroops in training main article union defence force south africa before 1957 the union of south africa had relied on small standing cadres for defence expanding during wartime through the use of white conscripts during the second world war the union defence force initially fielded only 3 353 full time soldiers with another 14 631 active in reserve roles 33 34 these troops were not prepared to fight in europe proper as they had hitherto been trained only in basic light infantry tactics and bush warfare 4 however jan christiaan smuts proved remarkably resourceful in raising 345 049 men for overseas operations south african soldiers went on to distinguish themselves as far abroad as italy and egypt 35 stephan grobler and two other sadf soldiers during jnr leaders training basics in oudtshoorn infantry training school stephan who is on the left later became an officer over a platoon in the 301 battalion but the other two soldiers have yet to be identified after 1957 the new south african defence force was faced with a post war upsurge in african nationalism and forced to expand its resources accordingly 36 in 1963 its total strength stood at around 25 000 men 4 by 1977 the united nations was imposing arms sanctions on the republic due to its controversial policy of racial apartheid 37 south africa responded by developing a powerful domestic arms industry capable of producing quality hardware including jet fighters drones guided missiles armoured cars multiple rocket launchers and small arms 4 38 sadf units fought in the angolan civil war during operation savannah 39 40 41 and were also active alongside rhodesian security forces 42 during the rhodesian bush war 43 44 45 although both campaigns were strategically unsuccessful it was clearly proven that south africa s military was immeasurably superior in strength and sophistication than all her african neighbours combined 4 further enlargement and modernisation of the armed forces continued under former defence minister pieter willem botha who became state president in 1984 46 shortly after botha took office the sadf numbered some 83 400 men including 53 100 conscripts and 5 400 non whites one armoured brigade one mechanised infantry brigade four motorised brigades one parachute brigade a special reconnaissance regiment one marine brigade twenty artillery regiments supporting specialist units a balanced air force and a navy adequate for coastal protection in all 4 in addition numerous auxiliary formations were trained as support units capable of occupying strategic border areas including the predominantly angolan 32 battalion 47 namibia s south west african territorial force 48 49 and four bophuthatswana ciskei transkei and venda bantustan militaries 50 51 the former south african defence force base in outapi omusati namibia during botha s term the sadf began focusing on taking a more aggressive stance to the ongoing war against communist supported liberation and anti apartheid movements 52 in south africa and namibia then south west africa and targeting neighboring countries that offered them support 53 this was partially justified as a new structure intended to turn back a total onslaught on the republic from abroad 54 the post colonial rise of newly independent black governments on the administration s doorstep created a perceived menace to the existing structure and pretoria s occupation of namibia threatened to bring it into direct confrontation with the world community 55 on the ground militant guerrilla movements such as the african national congress anc south west african people s organisation swapo and the pan africanist congress of azania pac challenged south africa with force of arms 23 in 1984 at least 6 000 such insurgents were being trained and armed by tanzania ethiopia the soviet union and warsaw pact member states 4 in general the struggle went badly for south africa s opponents mozambique provided support and shelter to anc operatives in retaliation south african units launched massive counterstrikes which the local security forces were in no position to block 4 56 military aircraft and special forces units deployed across zimbabwe 57 botswana 58 59 lesotho 60 and zambia 61 to attack suspected insurgent bases 62 30 000 south african military personnel were posted on the namibian border by late 1985 frequently crossing the frontier to battle swapo groups operating from southern angola 23 25 63 swapo s mpla allies with the backing of the cuban military were often unable to protect them 4 these raids demonstrated the sadf s efficiency in combating rural insurgency major guerrilla camps were always chief targets whether on foreign or domestic soil consequently establishing good intelligence and effective assault strategy were commonly reflected in tactical priorities 4 the sadf s success eventually compelled swapo to withdraw over 320 kilometres 199 mi from the namibian border forcing their insurgents to travel great distances across arid bush in order to reach their targets 4 many could no longer carry heavy weapons on these treks occasionally abandoning them as they marched south moreover serious swapo losses were already having a negative effect on morale 4 anc operations fared little better 64 most high profile terrorist attacks were foiled or offered negative publicity from a normally sympathetic international stage 4 while it was clear that popular support was growing and guerrilla skills were being improved upon affrays on south africa itself did not seriously disrupt the economy or impact the country s superior military and industrial status 36 65 by the fall of apartheid in 1991 the sadf was an uneven reflection of both the strengths and weaknesses of south africa s white society at large it employed many personnel with developed technical skills thus the military could more easily maintain and operate sophisticated hardware than black african forces drawn from underdeveloped regions 4 in an unusual contrast with southern africa s other white armies the sadf had a stern sense of bureaucratic hierarchy 66 67 commanders deferred to civilian supervisors and normally could not aspire to political power the sadf s technical performance had also improved greatly owing largely to realistic and efficient training procedures 36 the army in particular was skilled in both counterinsurgency warfare and conventional mechanised operations 4 in 1984 11 000 infantrymen were even trained to execute blitzkrieg tactics 68 69 70 white soldiers were for the most part reasonably motivated conscripts had a sense of defending their own country rather than some far off foreign venture commissioned officers generally accepted in principle recruits of all colours placed an emphasis on technical efficiency and preferred to fight a foreign rather than domestic enemy despite extensive preparation for both 4 integration edit as apartheid ended in 1994 the sadf was transformed into the sandf the south african national defence force organisation edit the state president was the commander in chief of the sadf with chief of the defence force overall senior command officer chief of the army chief of the air force chief of the navy chief of the medical service surgeon general staff divisions under the chief of defence staff included personnel intelligence operations logistics finance other support services commands included inspector general of the sadf chaplain general of the sadf quartermaster general of the sadf heads of the south african defence force edit further information list of south african military chiefs personnel edit permanent forces full time active members national servicemen initially called up for 1 year national service later extended to 2 years national service in 1977 with ongoing short term service requirements troops were generally fully trained for operational duty within the space of 4 7 months citizen forces conventional reserve motorised and mechanised and other units fully trained part time members commando forces light infantry and rear area defence fully trained members special forces composed of the reconnaissance regiments and support personnel voluntary term service created in 1992 to replace the national service service volunteers non permanent full time members auxiliary service limited duty personnel who did not meet the academic or physical requirements for national service but performed guard coin labour and driving duties prior to amalgamation the sadf had 585 000 personnel divided as follows full time 45 000 volunteer service 40 000 national service 5 000 plus 40 000 auxiliaries 16 000 civilians 24 000 part time 500 000 citizen force 120 000 commando force 130 000 in 200 units reserves 180 000 nuclear weapons edit main article south africa and weapons of mass destruction south africa at one time possessed nuclear weapons but its stockpile was dismantled during the political transition of the early 1990s see also edit south africa portal south african military decorations military history of south africa conscription in south africa south african military ranks south african national defence force south african police south west african territorial force swatf references edit wessels andré the south african national defence force 1994 2009 a historical perspective pdf humanities ufs ac za university of the free state archived from the original pdf on 1 august 2013 retrieved 21 october 2014 military service becomes compulsory for white south african men south african history online sahistory org za 9 june 1967 retrieved 26 february 2013 south africa ends conscription of whites new york times nytimes com 25 august 1993 retrieved 22 october 2014 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 duignan peter politics and government in african states 1960 1985 pp 283 408 belgian arms exports five years after the regionalization of competences facts and figures www flemishpeaceinstitute eu 10 december 2008 archived from the original on 3 december 2013 1 2 polakow suransky sasha the unspoken alliance israel s secret relationship with apartheid south africa pp 1 336 chris mcgreal 10 march 2006 brothers in arms israel s secret pact with pretoria the guardian london retrieved 26 february 2013 kokalis peter mamba deadly serpent or dangerous fiasco shotgun news 2006 volume 60 issue 15 p 10 data pdf edoc vifapol de 2011 trade registers sipri org archived from th...