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d and energy shortages moreover regular visits of the lithuania s prime minister gradually led the lithuanian leadership to believe that temporary suspension of the restoration act was inevitable to reduce tensions 64 problems were also appearing in the soviet union on 30 may leningrad city council urged the central government to begin negotiations with the republic under blockade 47 and moldavian ssr voted to recognise the independence of lithuania the following day 65 however it was boris yeltsin who made the largest impact two days after his election as chairman of the supreme soviet of the rsfsr the main constituent republic of the soviet union and the one that included kaliningrad oblast yeltsin met with representatives of the baltic republics including landsbergis pledging support for their independence cause 66 then on 12 june the rsfsr declared itself a sovereign state within ussr and in its declared capacity as a sovereign republic announced it would not enforce the blockade 67 meanwhile the united states congress tied the trade normalisation to the resolution of the blockade in lithuania which created further pressure to resolve the issue 68 on 16 june the soviets increased the flow of gas from 15 to 30 of the level before the blockade and let some deliveries of raw materials in which enabled partial reopening of some industrial plants including jonava s fertilizer facility 69 70 they also pledged to grant statehood to lithuania 2 3 years after they froze the declaration of independence 71 from the lithuanian side landsbergis who had insisted that the act of restoration of independence was non negotiable now recommended a motion to the seimas to suspend the effects of the act 64 after two weeks of discussions on 29 june the supreme council of lithuania declared a 100 day moratorium on the legal actions arising from lithuanian iš jo kylančius teisinius veiksmus the 11 march declaration of restoration of lithuania which was to take effect once the negotiations with the soviet union started 64 72 the declaration did not constitute the moratorium on independence itself 73 but this time the kremlin decided to enter into negotiations with lithuania 39 oil deliveries were resumed by the evening of 30 june 74 while on 2 july the blockade was fully lifted 38 which nikolai ryzhkov chairman of ussr s council of ministers confirmed the following day 75 finally on 6 july soviet diplomatic agencies could grant visas to foreigners travelling to lithuania again and on 7 july the rail connections between ussr and lithuania were fully restored 56 impacts edit economic edit the blockade stunned lithuanians who were not expecting such a strong reaction from the soviet union 33 according to martha olcott who was writing for the foreign affairs on the topic of all the scenarios that gorbachev was considering it was the economic blockade that sąjūdis was afraid of the most 21 lithuania s economy was tightly integrated in the ussr s and while relatively developed was still subordinated to the needs of the soviet union and was using little local input as a result 76 77 the other 14 republics were the destination of most exports 94 3 in 1990 and the origin of most imports 87 7 in 1990 lithuania was even more dependent on energy resources with total dependence on gas from the soviet union and only minuscule internal production of oil 78 according to lithuanian estimates by the end of the blockade 415 5 million roubles worth of production were lost and the lithuanian budget suffered a shortfall of 125 million roubles 6 for comparison the annual budgetary expenditures of the lithuanian ssr in 1989 reached 4 626 million roubles 79 hufbauer et al who wrote a book evaluating the success of economic blockades estimated the direct consequences of the blockade to cost lithuania 1 5 of gnp 5 the exact number of laid off workers is unknown but estimates vary from 26 000 69 to 50 000 75 people stanley vardys a researcher of 20th century lithuania says that 35 000 lost their jobs while idle workers were paid salaries from the lithuanian government which widened its budget deficit 6 as the blockade meant a scarcity of important resources lithuania which was transitioning to a market oriented economy was forced to centralise its management and to strongly regulate its economy in order to avoid exhausting supplies and to shield the consumers from price increases this postponed some free market reforms particularly in comparison to latvia and estonia 22 80 on the long term however it helped the country prioritise trade deals with other countries and made the enterprises seek cooperation from other entities than the government thereby realigning the economy towards the western model 81 for example juozas olekas then health minister of lithuania noted that the country lacked medical supplies but managed to establish a good relationship with denmark thanks to which the shortage of vaccines for hospitals was largely alleviated 51 the government of lithuania and local industries started to actively search for direct relations with the enterprises which were not subject to embargo 81 often engaging in barter trade with oil rich republics e g oil for butter or meat such as the rsfsr and the kazakh ssr 82 the blockade s effects were also somewhat mitigated by smugglers operating on lithuania s borders as well as by the regiments of the soviet army stationing in the country which were clandestinely selling the reserves of oil products they had in the garrisons 10 50 83 a 100 rouble donation to the blockade fund of lithuania lt 25 april 1990 in response to the blockade the government created a so called blockade fund lt which operated on voluntary donations of lithuanians 39 by the time the blockade ended 7 6 million roubles were collected by the government which it promptly invested in jewellery and gold to avoid depreciation of the roubles they received 84 85 in suwałki voivodeship the lithuanians who are a sizeable minority in the border area have also contributed to the effort 86 the embargo had profound effects on the energy sector of lithuania in soviet times geologists drilled the ground for the search of oil in latvia and lithuania but the economic blockade forced lithuania to extract it for the first time on an industrial scale in 1990 lithuanians had pumped out 12 000 tons of the fossil fuel 87 moreover the baltic country could not import oil by the sea not only because of the naval blockade but also because klaipėda s oil terminal was far too small for the needs of lithuania that prompted the government to build a new oil terminal in būtingė which was commissioned in 1998 along with continuation of the oil pipe to the new sea port 88 89 latvia and estonia edit further information baltic states under soviet rule 1944 1991 restorations of independence the soviet crackdown on lithuania accelerated integration of the three baltic states and created a form of solidarity between the pro independence parties in the three republics a series of high profile meetings occurred between the leaders of lithuania latvia and estonia already in may the three states signed an agreement which renewed the so called baltic entente an interwar treaty which sought political coordination and established a council of baltic states essentially having the same purpose 90 on the other hand the economic sanctions had a chilling effect on the independence cause of the two other baltic states which because of the tough reaction of the kremlin and their larger share of ethnic minorities particularly russians decided to water down their declarations of independence and generally sought less confrontational attitudes towards moscow 15 83 rising tensions with the minorities edit further information poles in lithuania and polish national territorial region map of the polish national territorial region as proclaimed by lithuanian poles in october 1990 it included the districts of vilnius šalčininkai as well as parts of trakai švenčionys and širvintos districts the capital was established at naujoji vilnia the city of vilnius was not part of the region thus becoming an enclave within the proposed autonomy at the same time as the relations with the soviet union deteriorated the conflict was brewing between the lithuanian majority and the polish minority in the south eastern part of lithuania and the russians in sniečkus where the ignalina nuclear power plant was located several times in 1990 and 1991 local governments of these areas sought autonomy and or tried to assert that lithuania s laws did not extend to them 55 the tensions were particularly strong with the polish minority which felt discriminated against by lithuanians not least due to few educational and economical opportunities in the area and the official language policy of lithuania which mandated the use of lithuanian in state buildings without exceptions for minorities 91 while the first attempts to introduce polish self government or autonomy started in late 1988 and early 1989 the movement gained significant momentum after the act of 11 march and its escalation happened during the blockade 52 on 15 may the šalcininkai district council voted to disregard the independence declaration and to recognise the soviet constitution and soviet laws only the vilnius district council was less radical but on 24 may it still voted to create a polish national district and to condemn lithuania for what the council saw as a violation of human rights and ignoring national minorities interests 39 52 czesław wysocki head of the šalčininkai district council would explain that the cpsu unlike lithuania endorsed creation of such entities 52 he went on to claim that the only way to alleviate tensions was to cancel the independence declaration 92 both decisions were eventually cancelled by the supreme council of lithuania as unconstitutional however on 1 june delegates from majority polish regions appealed to the lithuanian government not the soviet union to create a self governing entity which they argued was the only way to ensure that the rights of poles are respected 52 further preparations eventually led to the announcement of the polish national territorial region in october 1990 which the politicians wanted to be part of lithuania 93 opinions differ on the role of poles in the process of lithuanian struggle for independence and in the blockade lithuanian 94 95 russian 15 and western 91 96 scholars state that poles were tacitly or directly supported by moscow and were dominated by pro moscow politicians such as jan ciechanowicz and wysocki sąjūdis claimed that poles have been manipulated by moscow communists which led the party to adopt anti polish rhetoric 97 winston a van horne and alfred erich senn suggest that moscow helped the polish regions weather the blockade 98 99 though m gaškienė a senior government official wrote to algimantas gureckas that the blockade was applied uniformly across lithuania 25 while anatol lieven underlines that the association of poles in lithuania actually supported independence but faced stiff competition from polish anti independence candidates 83 on the other hand polish scholars and members of the polish community say the polish communist ties are either an exaggeration or lithuanian propaganda 100 aftermath edit as lithuania and the soviet union found a compromise upon which negotiations could start committees on both sides were set up to agree on the terms of further co existence landsbergis who was considered less reconciliatory than prunskienė was head of the lithuanian delegation and ryzhkov led the soviet one even though the committees were set in july the negotiations were not agreed upon until october 15 when the groups were supposed to meet on 30 november 1990 the soviet delegation refused to attend citing preparations for the 4th session of the congress of people s deputies and no date for a new meeting was set 36 the lithuanians then cancelled the moratorium restoring the effects of the act of 11 march which served as a catalyst to the january events of 1991 38 soviet aggression against lithuania s border posts continued further until the failed coup in august 1991 by this time lithuanian independence was internationally recognised including by the russian sfsr and the soviet union itself 101 notes edit according to the law in russian a union or autonomous republic could only secede if a it achieved a two thirds majority in a referendum six to nine months after the signatures were collected b it got consent from the ussr s congress of people s deputies to begin transition c it waited for up to five years during which period it transferred the union s property to the soviet union unless the sides agreed otherwise d it survived a confirmatory referendum 2 3 majority needed if it was called in the last year of transition and e the congress of people s deputies voted to confirm that interests of all sides had been satisfied during the transitionary period and ratified the secession no republic has ultimately undergone such procedure before breaking away from ussr references edit žigaras feliksas 2012 baltijos šalių institucinis bendradarbiavimas 1990 2010 pdf in lithuanian general jonas žemaitis military academy of lithuania p 407 isbn 9786098074017 retrieved 25 june 2021 pirmieji atkurtos lietuvos žingsniai ir ekonominė blokada kelių kilometrų eilės degalinėse ir kiaušinienė ant amžinosios ugnies lithuanian national radio and television in lithuanian 11 march 2021 laurinavičius česlovas lietuvos respublika po 1990 visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija in lithuanian lietuvos blokada gudrus kremliaus planas atsimušė į dar gudresnius lietuvius tv3 lt in lithuanian 1 2 hufbauer gary clyde et al 2007 economic sanctions reconsidered 3 ed washington d c peterson institute for international economics p 118 isbn 9780881324075 1 2 3 4 5 6 vardys v stanley 19 february 2018 second link lithuania the rebel nation abingdon on thames new york city routledge p 166 isbn 9780429978791 retrieved 29 july 2021 heller michel nekrich alexander 1996 история россии 1917 1995 в 4 х томах седьмой секретарь 1985 1990 history of russia 1917 1995 in 4 volumes seventh secretary 1985 1990 in russian vol 3 moscow мик агар isbn 5879020061 реакция горбачева была вызвана опасением что неорганизованный не разрешенный из центра выход из союза может вызвать цепную реакцию и привести к развалу империи в принципе однако прибалтийский регион включенный в ссср в 1940 г всегда считался несколько чужеродным cheshko sergei 2000 распад ссср этнополитический анализ the dissolution of ussr an ethnopolitical analysis in russian 2 ed moscow institute of ethnology and anthropology of the russian academy of sciences p 261 beissinger mark r 2009 the intersection of ethnic nationalism and people power tactics in the baltic states 1987 1991 in adam roberts timothy garton ash eds civil resistance and power politics the experience of non violent action ...