Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

spanish, guinea, contents, name, history, colonial, demographics, see, also, references, 18th, 19th, centuries, 20th, century, agricultural, economy, colony, of, decolonisation,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (184), #spanish (94), guinea (63), and (47), from (28), spain (25), was (23), new (20), with (19), war (19), 1968 (18), fernando (18), colony (18), edit (17), equatorial (16), africa (16), history (15), treaty (15), río (13), juan (13), colonial (12), independence (12), wikipedia (11), this (10), articles (9), retrieved (9), labour (9), had (9), translation (8), were (8), muni (8), workers (8), article (8), october (7), 2023 (7), territories (7), 1778 (7), general (7), del (7), francisco (7), madrid (7), also (7), gulf (7), text (6), page (6), world (6), america (6), americas (6), cuba (6), island (6), pedro (6), portuguese (6), indigenous (6), fang (6), 1926 (6), african (6), province (6), over (6), 000 (6), its (6), for (6), name (6), under (5), references (5), former (5), plata (5), indies (5), white (5), english (5), economy (5), royal (5), empire (5), crown (5), española (5), 1930 (5), european (5), 1858 (5), see (5), contract (5), population (5), into (5), after (5), government (5), which (5), that (5), translated (5), contents (4), search (4), view (4), you (4), attribution (4), last (4), june (4), september (4), states (4), established (4), colonies (4), 583 (4), 350 (4), slavery (4), philippines (4), las (4), guatemala (4), diego (4), alonso (4), miguel (4), lópez (4), luis (4), antonio (4), toledo (4), army (4), company (4), decree (4), part (4), republic (4), central (4), united (4), wars (4), constitution (4), continental (4), years (4), french (4), machine (4), january (4), international (4), bight (4), liberia (4), cambridge (4), golfo (4), 1868 (4), who (4), people (4), system (4), nguema (4), agricultural (4), based (4), paris (4), main (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), languages (3), toggle (3), using (3), organization (3), 2026 (3), wikidata (3), pages (3), links (3), language (3), all (3), painting (3), cusco (3), other (3), civil (3), chile (3), yucatán (3), islands (3), comuneros (3), granada (3), san (3), paraguay (3), won (3), manila (3), armada (3), tunis (3), león (3), garcía (3), sebastián (3), osorio (3), duke (3), álvaro (3), bazán (3), military (3), buenos (3), aires (3), real (3), trade (3), administrative (3), law (3), morocco (3), western (3), sahara (3), dominican (3), west (3), captaincy (3), union (3), conflict (3), german (3), rights (3), ecuatorial (3), 1914 (3), los (3), territorios (3), doi (3), pdf (3), biafra (3), needed (3), journal (3), 1940 (3), gaceta (3), 1904 (3), departamento (3), ministerio (3), núm (3), peoples (3), ethnic (3), bioko (3), some (3), been (3), political (3), 1959 (3), status (3), decolonisation (3), macías (3), poo (3), cameroon (3), nigeria (3), coffee (3), between (3), large (3), cacao (3), coat (3), arms (3), pardo (3), slave (3), toward (3), 19th (3), century (3), regime (3), autonomy (3), version (3), appearance (3), changes (3), 1900 (3), possessions (3), 1843 (3), became (3), first (3), official (3), 1956 (3), tools (3), add (2), table (2), contact (2), about (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), may (2), wikimedia (2), use (2), commons (2), categories (2), coordinates (2), template (2), wayback (2), incomplete (2), citations (2), july (2), unsourced (2), statements (2), lacking (2), reliable (2), infobox (2), country (2), 2024 (2), short (2), description (2), viceroyalty (2), old (2), universities (2), quito (2), tradition (2), colombia (2), santiago (2), guam (2), trinidad (2), 1797 (2), lost (2), túpac (2), bogotá (2), gibraltar (2), 1779 (2), 1783 (2), algiers (2), cape (2), oran (2), ponce (2), hernán (2), quesada (2), núñez (2), legazpi (2), gonzalo (2), camargo (2), fernández (2), columbus (2), díaz (2), ferdinand (2), doria (2), alfonso (2), ávalos (2), córdova (2), colonna (2), austria (2), guard (2), indian (2), free (2), consulate (2), tierra (2), sea (2), trading (2), caracas (2), santo (2), domingo (2), mexico (2), charcas (2), terra (2), australis (2), castile (2), andalusia (2), louisiana (2), florida (2), venezuela (2), puerto (2), rico (2), president (2), laws (2), santa (2), council (2), administration (2), northern (2), micronesia (2), asia (2), east (2), orientales (2), argentina (2), peru (2), northernmost (2), caribbean (2), anglo (2), restoration (2), franco (2), religion (2), conquest (2), catholic (2), archived (2), español (2), 1964 (2), 1017 (2), clandestine (2), recruitment (2), citation (2), conditions (2), press (2), era (2), abolition (2), 1827 (2), clarence (2), smith (2), william (2), 179 (2), 2025 (2), december (2), ssrn (2), process (2), decolonization (2), march (2), 1986 (2), 1905 (2), unreliable (2), source (2), hubert (2), decreto (2), posesiones (2), españolas (2), páginas (2), ultramar (2), protectorate (2), immigration (2), dominicans (2), hired (2), laborers (2), nigerian (2), included (2), mestizos (2), mulattoes (2), not (2), acknowledged (2), deported (2), most (2), bubi (2), groups (2), black (2), multi (2), race (2), local (2), known (2), creole (2), peninsulares (2), via (2), one (2), demographics (2), territorial (2), continued (2), guineans (2), corisco (2), planters (2), second (2), igbo (2), 100 (2), companies (2), plantations (2), these (2), recruiting (2), throughout (2), enclave (2), logging (2), coup (2), état (2), 1979 (2), led (2), illegal (2), provinces (2), signed (2), liberian (2), movement (2), formally (2), gained (2), approved (2), power (2), referendum (2), 1963 (2), self (2), governance (2), previous (2), but (2), more (2), however (2), declared (2), guinean (2), spaniards (2), territory (2), region (2), area (2), claimed (2), 20th (2), base (2), 1844 (2), carlos (2), governor (2), españoles (2), 18th (2), centuries (2), sovereignty (2), various (2), dependencies (2), talk (2), your (2), summary (2), content (2), link (2), must (2), translate (2), help (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, additional, apply, site, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, foundation, inc, creative, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, gadget, wikiminiatlas, webarchive, cs1, sources, symbol, caption, type, parameters, containing, dmy, dates, needing, different, relations, countries, disestablished, https, org, index, php, title, spanish_guinea, oldid, 1379201431, agustín, ibáñez, bojons, cruz, cano, olmedilla, cartographers, cartography, great, potosí, mint, fraud, 1649, coartación, asiento, negros, inquisition, criollos, society, castas, mustang, horse, archive, hispanic, academia, antártica, tapada, limeña, africanist, indochristian, mesoamerican, codices, architecture, missions, puellae, doctae, armas, letras, topics, inca, chibchan, nations, nicaragua, honduras, salvador, chiapas, petén, maya, aztec, canary, conquests, asomante, ayacucho, pichincha, carabobo, boyacá, chacabuco, salta, curalaba, guiana, tucapel, ollantaytambo, iguape, noche, triste, rancagua, calderón, bridge, newfoundland, pensacola, katari, amaru, cuerno, verde, cartagena, indias, colonia, sacramento, bahia, 1595, recife, guadalupe, mataquito, penco, savanna, cajamarca, tenochtitlan, otumba, annual, bay, zaragoza, somosierra, trafalgar, passaro, montes, claros, dunes, downs, rocroi, leiden, alkmaar, djerba, balearic, 1558, ceresole, castelnuovo, preveza, vienna, 1529, capo, orso, mactan, alhucemas, tétouan, vitoria, bailén, bitonto, ceuta, valenciennes, nördlingen, breda, mountain, celidonia, raid, goulette, ostend, gembloux, mons, terceira, ponta, delgada, antwerp, lepanto, malta, mers, kébir, gravelines, quentin, mühlberg, pavia, landriano, rome, 1527, bicocca, cerignola, notable, battles, velázquez, cuéllar, vázquez, coronado, valdivia, martín, ursúa, salcedo, gaspar, portolá, pizarro, pérez, joan, orpí, orellana, ojeda, vasco, balboa, pánfilo, narváez, mazariegos, cárdenas, jiménez, garrido, fages, ercilla, díez, aux, cortés, jerónimo, cabrera, alvarado, almagro, alberní, conquistadors, felipe, gonzález, ahedo, fajardo, vizcaíno, ayala, nicolás, ovando, ruy, villalobos, ulloa, andrés, urdaneta, salazar, solís, álvar, cabeza, vaca, ocampo, menéndez, avilés, cosa, elcano, magellan, pinzón, brothers, christopher, mariners, fadrique, ambrogio, spinola, emmanuel, philibert, savoy, julián, romero, osuna, pablo, morillo, montemar, gian, giacomo, medici, blas, lezo, leyva, ferrante, gonzaga, bernardo, gálvez, córdoba, alexander, farnese, enríquez, andrea, prospero, marcantonio, benavides, younger, elder, barceló, john, alba, águila, strategists, tropas, nómadas, legión, royalists, ships, line, arauco, auxiliaries, miquelet, volunteers, catalonia, alsace, flanders, tercio, armies, commerce, camino, adentro, barcelona, guipuzcoan, road, casa, contratación, treasure, fleet, galleon, doubloon, columnario, escudo, maravedí, dollar, peso, currencies, panamá, lima, guadalajara, concepción, audiencias, firme, navarre, 1501, 1513, castilla, oro, governorates, provincias, internas, captaincies, perú, columbian, viceroyalties, subdivisions, vecino, syndic, regidor, protector, indians, municipal, corregidor, alcalde, titles, positions, trial, residence, school, salamanca, graces, papal, bull, exequatur, hermandad, germania, cabildo, ayuntamiento, juby, ifni, béjaïa, peñón, tripoli, tidore, taiwan, palau, mariana, caroline, oceania, malvinas, falkland, misiones, uruguay, banda, oriental, bolivia, acre, portion, brazilian, amazon, guyana, panama, ecuador, south, belize, bonaire, curazao, aruba, haiti, jamaica, texas, coastal, alaska, north, pyrénées, franche, comté, netherlands, belgium, luxembourg, france, holy, roman, milan, southern, italy, sardinia, sicily, kingdoms, naples, portugal, aragon, europe, 1899, american, carlist, liberal, adams, onís, third, ildefonso, napoleonic, invasion, nootka, convention, seven, 1750, jenkins, ear, quadruple, alliance, bourbon, reforms, bourbons, queen, anne, succession, 1635, 1659, thirty, moro, eighty, piracy, 1585, 1604, bruneian, ottoman, habsburg, expulsion, moriscos, encomiendas, league, cognac, golden, age, habsburgs, italian, tordesillas, pacific, monarchs, timeline, immersed, serie, contemporánea, 1998, págs, 113, 138, maría, belmonte, medina, 2011, penología, indigenismo, antigua, espacio, tiempo, forma, 2005, instituto, cervantes, panorama, literatura, justo, bolekia, boleká, nerín, gustau, jungle, cannibals, missionaries, guards, chronicle, catarata, 2010, última, selva, españa, antropófagos, misioneros, guardias, civiles, crónica, conquista, pélissier, rené, consejo, superior, investigaciones, científicas, espanoles, enrique, martino, 2012, s0020859012000417, review, social, networks, answer, question, 1945, full, times, sundiata, ibrahim, madison, univ, wisconsin, 1996, slaving, neoslavery, cocoa, producers, 1880s, 1910s, 1994, bibang, ondo, eyang, josé, 2139, 4794543, electronic, campos, alicia, 2003, 116, 10486, 690991, hdl, s0021853702008319, relevance, factor, gervase, 1898, fage, roberts, roland, anthony, oliver, university, february, 2014, 2013, original, volume, 0521225051, encyclopaedia, africana, 1911, encyclopædia, britannica, vries, november, 2008, www, herald, reorganizando, servicios, 194, 131, 133, estado, solicitud, plaza, intérprete, creada, gobierno, póo, islas, adyacentes, 365, página, dictando, varias, medidas, para, colonización, 318, referencia, boe, 9859, palace, xii, washington, heights, manhattan, americans, afro, others, primarily, types, indentures, han, chinese, cameroonian, individuals, colour, patronage, majority, those, fathers, being, such, rio, bantu, populations, often, speaking, pidgin, now, fernandinos, assimilated, culture, educations, descended, freed, cuban, slaves, repatriated, emancipation, orders, 1845, voluntary, 1861, latter, group, mixed, descendants, peninsular, father, emancipados, whose, regulated, stratified, before, abolished, somewhat, similar, operating, rest, 20c, stamp, 1924, signing, post, three, fairly, distinct, phases, 1946, having, raised, made, overtures, take, 1960, tried, partial, keep, within, failed, owing, anti, activity, conceded, elected, marine, infantry, inaugural, flight, 1941, bata, iberia, 1910, pictures, suffer, shortages, only, briefly, permitted, began, recruit, smuggled, canoes, developed, productive, areas, calabar, small, officially, put, little, 1930s, could, easily, escape, borders, gabon, moreover, timber, growing, amounts, spread, cultivation, offered, alternative, means, paying, taxes, exploitation, commodity, crops, produced, addition, concessions, owners, mostly, immigrant, mounted, campaigns, 1920s, subdue, trying, reduce, garrisons, whole, considered, 1929, pacified, 2004, attempt, teodoro, obiang, mbasogo, supreme, dictatorship, cameroons, aro, confederacy, fernão, chronological, series, persisting, shortage, industries, booming, canoe, smuggling, eastern, number, grew, 1942, same, year, continuous, stream, going, time, almost, nigerians, living, working, british, ibibio, transport, orchestrated, major, shipping, ilo, commission, discovered, recruited, criminal, compulsion, scarcely, distinguishable, raiding, prohibited, woermann, linie, end, started, developing, decimated, disease, forced, came, depend, imported, fernandino, five, increased, committee, drafted, late, 1967, early, releasing, final, handed, 109, 114, presidential, election, august, instituted, compromise, step, reduced, pressure, granting, degree, formal, sense, illusory, reinforced, much, governmental, structure, palatable, took, place, introduced, served, springboard, 103, 105, regimen, autonomía, acculturation, complete, passing, have, equal, reclassified, split, two, returned, direct, control, presidency, reinforcing, class, compared, regions, never, undertaken, settlement, expanded, their, occupation, expense, left, 300, stretching, previously, ubangi, river, 1903, 1897, maps, combat, continuing, conducted, traders, agreement, britain, moved, own, rule, captain, chacón, arrived, assume, office, sierra, leone, atlantic, kingdom, 1810, administered, present, day, evolution, claims, resumption, until, went, names, documents, outlined, commonly, used, many, inefficiencies, decrees, rectified, reaffirmed, 1935, set, controlled, bonny, insular, today, elobey, annobón, governorate, succeeded, preceded, peseta, currency, definitive, delimitation, 1885, reasserted, 1780, evacuate, cold, imperialism, historical, víctor, suances, 1966, chacon, michelina, 1859, 1936, isabella, caudillo, monarch, catholicism, pichinglis, annobonese, common, isabel, capital, location, guidance, provide, accompanying, providing, model, existing, interlanguage, copyright, appears, low, quality, possible, verify, provided, foreign, like, useful, starting, point, translations, translators, follow, revise, errors, necessary, confirm, accurate, rather, than, simply, copy, pasting, llm, guideline, google, deepl, can, click, show, important, instructions, expand, corresponding, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, download, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, information, permanent, related, what, here, actions, tiếng, việt, oʻzbekcha, ўзбекча, українська, türkçe, svenska, русский, português, polski, nederlands, lietuvių, latina, 한국어, 日本語, italiano, עברית, galego, français, suomi, فارسی, euskara, esperanto, deutsch, dansk, català, বাংলা, تۆرکجه, asturianu, العربية, subsection, top, personal, special, recent, community, portal, learn, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump,

Text of the page (random words):
also reclassified the territory as the equatorial region of spain and split it into two provinces fernando poo and río muni however this law also returned power over spanish guinea to the direct control of the presidency reinforcing the second class status of guinean self governance compared to the european spanish regions 8 98 9 10 15 in 1963 the regime of autonomy spanish regimen de autonomía a de guinea ecuatorial was instituted in spanish guinea as a compromise step toward autonomy approved by a 1963 referendum this new system reduced international pressure on spain by granting the colony a degree of formal self governance in some sense this was illusory as the new regime reinforced much of the previous colonial governmental structure but with a more palatable appearance however the political process in which these changes took place also introduced local political groups into the government and served as a springboard for the independence movement 8 103 105 after five years of increased movement toward independence under the regime of autonomy the colony formally gained independence in 1968 a constitution committee drafted a constitution throughout late 1967 and early 1968 releasing a final version on 22 june 1968 that constitution was approved by referendum in august 1968 francisco macías nguema won the presidential election in september and spain formally handed power to the new government on 12 october 1968 8 109 114 agricultural economy edit toward the end of the 19th century spanish portuguese german and fernandino planters started developing large cacao plantations on the island of fernando po 10 with the indigenous bubi population decimated by disease and forced labour the island s economy came to depend on imported agricultural contract workers a labour treaty was signed with the republic of liberia in 1914 the transport of up to 15 000 workers by sea was orchestrated by the german woermann linie the major shipping company 11 in 1930 an international labour organization ilo commission discovered that liberian contract workers had been recruited under conditions of criminal compulsion scarcely distinguishable from slave raiding and slave trading 12 the government prohibited recruiting of liberian workers for spanish guinea the persisting labour shortage in the cacao coffee and logging industries led to a booming trade in illegal canoe based smuggling of igbo and ibibio workers from the eastern provinces of nigeria the number of clandestine contract workers on the island of fernando po grew to 20 000 in 1942 13 a labour treaty was signed with the british crown in the same year this led to a continuous stream of nigerian workers going to spanish guinea by 1968 at the time of independence almost 100 000 ethnic nigerians were living and working in spanish guinea 14 colony of spanish guinea edit part of a series on the history of equatorial guinea chronological fernão do pó aro confederacy treaty of el pardo spanish guinea spanish cameroons treaty of paris macías nguema dictatorship 1979 coup d état supreme military council teodoro obiang nguema mbasogo 2004 coup d état attempt v t e coat of arms of the portuguese and spanish guinea coat of arms of the spanish río muni colony between 1926 and 1959 the crown united bioko and río muni as the colony of spanish guinea the economy was based on the exploitation of the commodity crops of cacao and coffee produced at large plantations in addition to logging concessions owners of these companies hired mostly immigrant contract labour from liberia nigeria and cameroon 13 spain mounted military campaigns in the 1920s to subdue the indigenous fang people as liberia was trying to reduce recruiting of its workers the crown established garrisons of the colonial guard throughout the enclave by 1926 and the whole colony was considered pacified by 1929 15 río muni had a small population officially put at a little over 100 000 in the 1930s its people could easily escape over the borders into cameroon or gabon moreover the timber companies needed growing amounts of labour and the spread of coffee cultivation offered an alternative means of paying taxes the island of fernando po continued to suffer from labour shortages the french only briefly permitted recruitment in cameroon planters began to recruit igbo laborers who were smuggled in canoes from calabar nigeria fernando po was developed after the second world war as one of africa s most productive agricultural areas 7 pictures of spanish guinea corisco in 1910 inaugural flight with iberia from madrid to bata in 1941 marine infantry in spanish guinea in 1964 decolonisation edit see also province of fernando poo the post war political history of spanish guinea had three fairly distinct phases from 1946 to 1959 it had the status of a province having been raised from colony after the portuguese empire made overtures to take it over from 1960 to 1968 spain tried a system of partial decolonisation to keep the province within the spanish territorial system which failed owing to continued anti colonial activity by guineans on 12 october 1968 spain conceded the independence of the republic of equatorial guinea francisco macías nguema was elected as president 8 independence of spanish guinea signing of the independence of equatorial guinea by spanish government on 12 october 1968 colonial demographics edit 20c stamp of 1924 the population of the colony of spanish guinea was stratified before slavery was abolished the system was somewhat similar to the one operating in the french english and portuguese colonies in the rest of africa 16 peninsulares white spanish population whose immigration was regulated by the spanish government emancipados black african population assimilated into the peninsulares culture via spanish catholic educations some were descended from freed cuban slaves repatriated to africa after emancipation and abolition of slavery by the spanish royal orders of 13 september 1845 voluntary and of 20 june 1861 deported the latter group included mestizos indigenous european and mulattoes african european mixed race descendants who had been acknowledged by a white peninsular father 17 fernandinos creole peoples multi ethnic or multi race populations often speaking the local pidgin english of spanish guinea s island of fernando po now known as bioko individuals of colour under patronage included the majority of the indigenous black african people and those mestizos mulattoes who were not acknowledged by white fathers and were being deported from the americas of the indigenous ethnic groups in guinea most were bubi and bantu peoples such as the fang of rio muni others primarily nigerian cameroonian han chinese and indian peoples who were hired as contract laborers under types of indentures see also edit dominican spanish afro dominicans white dominicans dominican americans washington heights manhattan alfonso xii royal palace of madrid spanish immigration to cuba captaincy general of cuba spanish sahara spanish protectorate in morocco references edit decreto dictando varias medidas para la colonización de las posesiones españolas del golfo de guinea gaceta de madrid núm 318 de 13 11 1868 páginas 2 a 4 departamento ministerio de ultramar pdf referencia boe a 1868 9859 solicitud de la plaza de intérprete creada en el gobierno de fernando póo é islas adyacentes gaceta de madrid núm 365 de 31 12 1858 página 2 departamento ministerio de ultramar real decreto reorganizando los servicios de las posesiones españolas del golfo de guinea gaceta de madrid núm 194 de 12 07 1904 páginas 131 a 133 departamento ministerio de estado hubert de vries 11 november 2008 guinea ecuatorial www hubert herald nl retrieved 14 january 2023 unreliable source fernando po encyclopædia britannica 1911 equatorial guinea encyclopaedia africana retrieved 20 june 2026 1 2 william gervase clarence smith 1986 spanish equatorial guinea 1898 1940 in the cambridge history of africa from 1905 to 1940 ed j d fage a d roberts roland anthony oliver cambridge cambridge university press the cambridge history of africa volume 7 from 1905 to 1940 0521225051 1986 archived from the original on 20 february 2014 retrieved 23 september 2013 1 2 3 4 campos alicia march 2003 the decolonization of equatorial guinea the relevance of the international factor the journal of african history 44 1 95 116 doi 10 1017 s0021853702008319 hdl 10486 690991 retrieved 12 december 2025 bibang ondo eyang josé luis 2024 the process of decolonization of equatorial guinea ssrn electronic journal doi 10 2139 ssrn 4794543 retrieved 12 december 2025 clarence smith william g african and european cocoa producers on fernando po 1880s to 1910s journal of african history 35 1994 179 179 sundiata ibrahim k from slaving to neoslavery the bight of biafra and fernando po in the era of abolition 1827 1930 madison wi univ of wisconsin press 1996 slavery conditions in liberia the times 27 october 1930 retrieved 14 january 2023 full citation needed 1 2 enrique martino 2012 clandestine recruitment networks in the bight of biafra fernando pó s answer to the labour question 1926 1945 pdf international review of social history 57 39 72 doi 10 1017 s0020859012000417 retrieved 14 january 2023 pélissier rené los territorios espanoles de africa madrid consejo superior de investigaciones científicas 1964 nerín gustau la última selva de españa antropófagos misioneros y guardias civiles crónica de la conquista de los fang de la guinea española 1914 1930 the last jungle of spain cannibals missionaries and civil guards chronicle of the conquest of the fang of spanish guinea 1914 1930 catarata 2010 justo bolekia boleká 2005 panorama de la literatura en español en guinea ecuatorial instituto cervantes in spanish retrieved 14 january 2023 espacio tiempo y forma serie v hª contemporánea t 11 1998 págs 113 138 penología e indigenismo en la antigua guinea española archived 2011 05 30 at the wayback machine pedro maría belmonte medina v t e spanish empire timeline immersed catholic monarchs conquest of the americas asia and the pacific treaty of tordesillas italian wars habsburgs golden age war of the league of cognac encomiendas new laws indigenous rights expulsion of the moriscos ottoman habsburg wars french wars of religion bruneian spanish conflict anglo spanish war 1585 1604 piracy in the caribbean eighty years war spanish moro conflict thirty years war franco spanish war 1635 1659 portuguese restoration war war of the spanish succession queen anne s war bourbons bourbon reforms war of the quadruple alliance war of jenkins ear treaty of madrid 1750 seven years war anglo spanish war 1779 1783 nootka convention napoleonic invasion third treaty of san ildefonso independence of spanish continental americas adams onís treaty liberal constitution carlist wars spanish american war german spanish treaty 1899 spanish civil war independence of morocco independence of equatorial guinea western sahara conflict territories europe spain crown of castile crown of aragon union with portugal gibraltar southern italy kingdoms of naples sicily sardinia milan union with holy roman empire netherlands belgium luxembourg northernmost france franche comté pyrénées orientales americas spanish america north america new spain coastal alaska central united states spanish louisiana western united states spanish texas florida mexico central america captaincy general of yucatán spanish caribbean central america captaincy general of guatemala spanish west indies cuba dominican republic puerto rico trinidad jamaica haiti aruba curazao bonaire belize south america new granada colombia ecuador panama venezuela part of guyana a northernmost portion of brazilian amazon peru peru acre chile terra australis río de la plata argentina paraguay charcas bolivia banda oriental uruguay misiones orientales falkland islands malvinas asia and oceania spanish east indies philippines micronesia caroline guam mariana micronesia palau northern taiwan tidore africa equatorial guinea northern africa western sahara spanish morocco tripoli tunis peñón of algiers oran béjaïa ifni cape juby administration organization ayuntamiento cabildo council of the indies germania santa hermandad law exequatur laws of the indies papal bull royal decree of graces school of salamanca trial of residence titles and positions alcalde corregidor municipal president protector of the indians regidor syndic vecino administrative subdivisions viceroyalties columbian new spain new granada perú río de la plata captaincies general chile cuba guatemala philippines provincias internas puerto rico santo domingo venezuela yucatán governorates castilla de oro cuba la florida louisiana new andalusia 1501 1513 new andalusia new castile new navarre tierra firme new toledo new león paraguay río de la plata terra australis audiencias bogotá buenos aires caracas charcas concepción cusco guadalajara guatemala lima manila mexico panamá quito santiago santo domingo economy currencies dollar peso real maravedí escudo columnario doubloon trade manila galleon spanish treasure fleet casa de contratación spanish road guipuzcoan company of caracas barcelona trading company consulate of the sea camino real de tierra adentro commerce consulate of buenos aires military armies tercio army of flanders army of alsace free company of volunteers of catalonia miquelet indian auxiliaries army of arauco spanish armada ships of the line royalists legión army of africa tropas nómadas colonial guard of spanish guinea strategists juan del águila duke of alba ferdinand of austria john of austria antonio barceló álvaro de bazán the elder álvaro de bazán the younger álvaro de bazán y benavides marcantonio colonna prospero colonna luis de córdova y córdova fernando d ávalos alfonso d ávalos andrea doria antonio doria miguel enríquez alexander farnese gonzalo fernández de córdoba bernardo de gálvez ferrante gonzaga antonio de leyva blas de lezo gian giacomo medici duke of montemar pablo morillo duke of osuna julián romero emmanuel philibert of savoy ambrogio spinola fadrique de toledo osorio garcía de toledo osorio i garcía de toledo osorio ii mariners christopher columbus pinzón brothers ferdinand magellan juan sebastián elcano juan de la cosa juan ponce de león miguel lópez de legazpi pedro menéndez de avilés sebastián de ocampo álvar núñez cabeza de vaca juan díaz de solís alonso de salazar andrés de urdaneta antonio de ulloa ruy lópez de villalobos diego columbus nicolás de ovando juan de ayala sebastián vizcaíno juan fernández luis fajardo felipe gonzález de ahedo francisco de camargo alonso de camargo conquistadors pedro alberní diego de almagro pedro de alvarado jerónimo luis de cabrera hernán cortés miguel díez de aux alonso de ercilla pedro fages juan garrido gonzalo jiménez de quesada garcía lópez de cárdenas miguel lópez de legazpi diego de mazariegos pánfilo de narváez vasco núñez de balboa alonso de ojeda francisco de orellana joan o...