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ww electronicdesign com markets automation article 21249478 mer mar electronics reverse engineering a printed circuit board access date 2024 02 01 website electronic design ref reverse engineering pcbs largely follow the same series of steps first images are created by drawing scanning or taking photographs of the pcb then these images are ported to suitable reverse engineering software in order to create a rudimentary design for the new pcb the quality of these images that is necessary for suitable reverse engineering is proportional to the complexity of the pcb itself more complicated pcbs require well lighted photos on dark backgrounds while fairly simple pcbs can be recreated simply with just basic dimensioning each layer of the pcb is carefully recreated in the software with the intent of producing a final design as close to the initial then the schematics for the circuit are finally generated using an appropriate tool ref cite web last patel first suresh date 2022 08 25 title reverse engineering a printed circuit board url https www electronicdesign com markets automation article 21249478 mer mar electronics reverse engineering a printed circuit board access date 2024 02 01 website electronic design ref software in 1990 the institute of electrical and electronics engineers ieee defined software reverse engineering sre as the process of analyzing a subject system to identify the system s components and their interrelationships and to create representations of the system in another form or at a higher level of abstraction in which the subject system is the end product of software development reverse engineering is a process of examination only and the software system under consideration is not modified which would otherwise be reengineering software re engineering or restructuring reverse engineering can be performed from any stage of the product cycle not necessarily from the functional end product ref name ieee 1990 there are two components in reverse engineering redocumentation and design recovery redocumentation is the creation of new representation of the computer code so that it is easier to understand meanwhile design recovery is the use of deduction or reasoning from general knowledge or personal experience of the product to understand the product s functionality fully ref name ieee 1990 cite journal last1 chikofsky first1 e j last2 cross first2 j h doi 10 1109 52 43044 title reverse engineering and design recovery a taxonomy journal ieee software volume 7 pages 13 17 date january 1990 issue 1 bibcode 1990isoft 7a 13c s2cid 16266661 url http win ua ac be lore research chikofsky1990 taxonomy pdf access date 2012 07 02 archive url https web archive org web 20180417124021 http win ua ac be lore research chikofsky1990 taxonomy pdf archive date 2018 04 17 ref it can also be seen as going backwards through the development cycle ref cite book last warden first r title software reuse and reverse engineering in practice year 1992 publisher chapman hall location london england pages 283 305 ref in this model the output of the implementation phase in source code form is reverse engineered back to the analysis phase in an inversion of the traditional waterfall model another term for this technique is program comprehension ref name nelson96 the working conference on reverse engineering wcre has been held yearly to explore and expand the techniques of reverse engineering ref name eilam ref cite web title working conference on reverse engineering wcre url http dblp uni trier de db conf wcre index html website uni trier de publisher computer science bibliography access date 22 february 2018 archive url https web archive org web 20170314150255 http dblp uni trier de db conf wcre index html archive date 14 march 2017 ref computer aided software engineering case and automated code generation have contributed greatly in the field of reverse engineering ref name eilam software anti tamper technology like obfuscation software obfuscation is used to deter both reverse engineering and re engineering of proprietary software and software powered systems in practice two main types of reverse engineering emerge in the first case source code is already available for the software but higher level aspects of the program which are perhaps poorly documented or documented but no longer valid are discovered in the second case there is no source code available for the software and any efforts towards discovering one possible source code for the software are regarded as reverse engineering the second usage of the term is more familiar to most people reverse engineering of software can make use of the clean room design technique to avoid copyright infringement on a related note black box testing in software engineering has a lot in common with reverse engineering the tester usually has the application programming interface api but has the goals to find bugs and undocumented features by bashing the product from outside ref cite book title reverse engineering and testing of black box software components by grammatical inference techniques publisher lap lambert academic publishing author shahbaz muzammil year 2012 isbn 978 3 659 14073 0 ref other purposes of reverse engineering include security auditing removal of copy protection software cracking cracking circumvention of access restrictions often present in consumer electronics customization of embedded systems such as engine management systems in house repairs or retrofits enabling of additional features on low cost crippled hardware such as some graphics card chip sets or even mere satisfaction of curiosity binary software binary reverse engineering is performed if source code for a software is unavailable ref name eilam this process is sometimes termed reverse code engineering or rce ref cite book last chuvakin first anton author2 cyrus peikari edition 1st title security warrior url http www oreilly com catalog swarrior reviews html access date 2006 05 25 publisher o reilly date january 2004 archive url https web archive org web 20060522102255 http www oreilly com catalog swarrior reviews html archive date 2006 05 22 ref for example decompilation of binaries for the java platform can be accomplished by using jad one famous case of reverse engineering was the first non ibm implementation of the ibm pc pc bios which launched the historic ibm pc compatible industry that has been the overwhelmingly dominant computer hardware platform for many years reverse engineering of software is protected in the us by the fair use exception in copyright law ref cite journal doi 10 2307 797533 author link pamela samuelson first1 pamela last1 samuelson name list style amp first2 suzanne last2 scotchmer title the law and economics of reverse engineering volume 111 journal yale law journal issue 7 pages 1575 1663 year 2002 url http www yalelawjournal org the yale law journal content pages the law and economics of reverse engineering jstor 797533 access date 2011 10 31 archive url https web archive org web 20100715135359 http yalelawjournal org the yale law journal content pages the law and economics of reverse engineering archive date 2010 07 15 doi access free ref the samba software which allows systems that do not run microsoft windows systems to share files with systems that run it is a classic example of software reverse engineering ref cite web title samba an introduction url http www samba org samba docs sambaintro html date 2001 11 27 access date 2009 05 07 ref since the samba project had to reverse engineer unpublished information about how windows file sharing worked so that non windows computers could emulate it the wine software wine project does the same thing for the windows api and openoffice org is one party doing that for the microsoft office file formats the reactos project is even more ambitious in its goals by striving to provide binary abi and api compatibility with the current windows operating systems of the nt branch which allows software and drivers written for windows to run on a clean room reverse engineered free software gpl counterpart binary software techniques reverse engineering of software can be accomplished by various methods the three main groups of software reverse engineering are analysis through observation of information exchange most prevalent in protocol reverse engineering which involves using bus analyzer s and packet sniffer s such as for accessing a computer bus or computer network connection and revealing the traffic data thereon bus or network behavior can then be analyzed to produce a standalone implementation that mimics that behavior that is especially useful for reverse engineering device driver s sometimes reverse engineering on embedded system s is greatly assisted by tools deliberately introduced by the manufacturer such as jtag ports or other debugging means in microsoft windows low level debuggers such as softice are popular disassembly using a disassembler meaning the raw machine language of the program is read and understood in its own terms only with the aid of machine language mnemonic s it works on any computer program but can take quite some time especially for those who are not used to machine code the interactive disassembler is a particularly popular tool decompilation using a decompiler a process that tries with varying results to recreate the source code in some high level language for a program only available in machine code or bytecode software classification software classification is the process of identifying similarities between different software binaries such as two different versions of the same binary used to detect code relations between software samples the task was traditionally done manually for several reasons such as patch analysis for vulnerability detection and copyright infringement but it can now be done somewhat automatically for large numbers of samples this method is being used mostly for long and thorough reverse engineering tasks complete analysis of a complex algorithm or big piece of software in general statistical classification is considered to be a hard problem which is also true for software classification and so few solutions tools that handle this task well source code a number of unified modeling language uml tools refer to the process of importing and analysing source code to generate uml diagrams as reverse engineering xref see list of unified modeling language tools although uml is one approach in providing reverse engineering more recent advances in international standards activities have resulted in the development of the knowledge discovery metamodel kdm the standard delivers an ontology for the intermediate or abstracted representation of programming language constructs and their interrelationships an object management group standard on its way to becoming an iso standard as well citation needed date july 2023 kdm has started to take hold in industry with the development of tools and analysis environments that can deliver the extraction and analysis of source binary and byte code for source code analysis kdm s granular standards architecture enables the extraction of software system flows data control and call maps architectures and business layer knowledge rules terms and process the standard enables the use of a common data format xmi enabling the correlation of the various layers of system knowledge for either detailed analysis such as root cause impact or derived analysis such as business process extraction although efforts to represent language constructs can be never ending because of the number of languages the continuous evolution of software languages and the development of new languages the standard does allow for the use of extensions to support the broad language set as well as evolution kdm is compatible with uml bpmn rdf and other standards enabling migration into other environments and thus leverage system knowledge for efforts such as software system transformation and enterprise business layer analysis protocols communications protocol protocols are sets of rules that describe message formats and how messages are exchanged the protocol finite state machine state machine accordingly the problem of protocol reverse engineering can be partitioned into two subproblems message format and state machine reverse engineering the message formats have traditionally been reverse engineered by a tedious manual process which involved analysis of how protocol implementations process messages but recent research proposed a number of automatic solutions ref w cui j kannan and h j wang discoverer automatic protocol reverse engineering from network traces in proceedings of 16th usenix security symposium on usenix security symposium pp 1 14 ref ref w cui m peinado k chen h j wang and l irún briz tupni automatic reverse engineering of input formats in proceedings of the 15th acm conference on computer and communications security pp 391 402 acm oct 2008 ref ref name m comparetti g wondracek pages 110 125 p m comparetti g wondracek c kruegel and e kirda prospex protocol specification extraction in proceedings of the 2009 30th ieee symposium on security and privacy pp 110 125 washington 2009 ieee computer society ref typically the automatic approaches group observe messages into clusters by using various cluster analysis clustering analyses or they emulate the protocol implementation tracing the message processing there has been less work on reverse engineering of state machines of protocols in general the protocol state machines can be learned either through a process of offline learning which passively observes communication and attempts to build the most general state machine accepting all observed sequences of messages and online machine learning online learning which allows interactive generation of probing sequences of messages and listening to responses to those probing sequences in general offline learning of small state machines is known to be np complete ref cite journal doi 10 1016 s0019 9958 78 90562 4 title complexity of automaton identification from given data year 1978 last1 gold first1 e journal information and control volume 37 issue 3 pages 302 320 doi access free ref but online learning can be done in polynomial time ref cite journal author d angluin title learning regular sets from queries and counterexamples doi 10 1016 0890 5401 87 90052 6 journal information and computation volume 75 issue 2 pages 87 106 year 1987 doi access free ref an automatic offline approach has been demonstrated by comparetti et al ref name m comparetti g wondracek pages 110 125 and an online approach by cho et al ref c y cho d babic r shin and d song usurped 1 https web archive org web 20101028102651 http www domagoj babic com index php pubs ccs10botnets inference and analysis of formal models of botnet command and control protocols 2010 acm conference on computer and communications security ref other componen...