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alth organization who director general she served as a delegate from the people s republic of china to the who at the same time they are members of various international organisations such as wto apec etc hong kong hong kong participates in 41 intergovernmental international organisations with countries as participating units hong kong participates in 54 intergovernmental international organisations 14 macao macau participates in 19 intergovernmental international organisations with countries as participating units macau participates in 30 intergovernmental international organisations 15 the government of hong kong and government of macao have established hong kong economic and trade offices hketos and delegações económicas e comerciais de macau decms respectively in some countries as well as in the greater china region hketos serve as a quasi interests section in favour of hong kong decms serve as a quasi interests section in favour of macao for regions with no hketos and decms chinese diplomatic missions take charge of protecting hong kong related and macau related interests some countries which have a diplomatic relationship with the central chinese government maintain consulate general offices in hong kong and macau economic and trade office in london macao economic and commercial office in lisbon olympic games edit further information hong kong at the olympics and macau at the asian games in sporting events such as the olympic games or asian games the sars may have their own independent teams they participate under the respective names of hong kong china and macau china and compete as different entities 16 as they had done since they were under foreign rules but both sars are usually allowed to omit the term china for informal use citation needed defence and military edit the people s liberation army is garrisoned in both sars prc authorities have said the pla will not be allowed to interfere in the local affairs of hong kong or macau and must abide by their laws 17 in 1988 scholar chen fang of the academy of military science even tried to propose the one military two systems concept to separate the defence function and public functions in the army 17 the pla does not participate in the governance of the sar but the sar may request it for civil military participation in times of emergency such as natural disasters defence is the responsibility of the prc government 11 a 1996 draft prc law banned people s liberation army run businesses in hong kong but loopholes allow it to operate while the profits are ploughed back into the military 17 there are many pla run corporations in hong kong the pla also has sizeable land holdings in hong kong worth billions of dollars 17 immigration nationality and passports edit each of the sars issues passports on its own to its permanent residents who are concurrently chinese prc citizens provided that one of the following conditions is satisfied born in the sar born anywhere while either parent was a permanent resident of the sar resided continuously and legally for seven or more years in the sar and therefore gained a right of abode in the sar the hong kong sar passport is issued to hong kong permanent residents with chinese citizenship while the macau macau sar passport is issued to macau permanent residents with chinese citizenship mainland residents with hukou are ineligible for either and may only hold a chinese passport which grants comparatively weaker visa free access the hong kong sar passport is granted visa free access or visa on arrival access for 174 countries and territories 18 the macau sar passport is granted such for 141 countries and territories 19 while the chinese passport is granted such for 81 countries and territories 19 there are no laws prohibiting a person from holding permanent residency in both sars 20 21 a person may also hold concurrently hold passports from both sars provided that they have chinese nationality and permanent residency in both apart from affording the holder consular protection by the ministry of foreign affairs these passports also specify that the holder has right of abode in the issuing sar the national people s congress has also put each sar in charge of administering the prc s nationality law in its respective realms namely naturalisation renunciation and restoration of prc nationality and issuance of proof of nationality due to their colonial past many inhabitants of the sars hold some form of non chinese nationality e g british national overseas status british citizenship british overseas citizenship or portuguese citizenship however sar residents who are chinese descent have always been considered as chinese citizens by the prc authorities an exception to this case is macau wherein residents of chinese descent may choose chinese or portuguese nationality special interpretation of the nationality law while not recognising dual nationality has allowed chinese citizens to keep their foreign right of abode and use travel documents issued by the foreign country however such travel documents cannot be used to travel to mainland china and persons concerned must use home return permit therefore master nationality rule applies so the holder may not enjoy consular protection while in china chinese citizens who also have foreign citizenship may declare a change of nationality at the immigration department of the respective sars and upon approval would no longer be considered chinese citizens sar permanent residents who are not chinese citizens including stateless persons are not eligible for sar passports persons who hold a non chinese citizenship must obtain passports from foreign diplomatic missions which represents their countries of citizenship for example a russian citizen who has acquired right of abode in hong kong and thus holds a hong kong permanent identity card would not be considered a chinese citizen and would continue to hold their russian passport unless they obtain prc nationality for those who are stateless each sar may issue its own form of certificates of identity e g document of identity in lieu of national passports to the persons concerned chinese citizens who are non permanent residents of two sars are also ineligible for sar passports but may obtain cis just like stateless persons comparisons edit body hong kong macau china national level constitutional document hong kong basic law national law of china subordinate to the chinese constitution macao basic law national law of china subordinate to the chinese constitution constitution of china final authority of constitutional interpretation review npc standing committee npc standing committee npc standing committee supreme leader of state general secretary of the chinese communist party general secretary of the chinese communist party representative of state territory chief executive of hong kong chief executive of macau president of china head of government territory chief executive of hong kong chief executive of macau premier of china executive executive council of hong kong executive council of macau state council legislative legislative council legislative assembly national people s congress npc npc standing committee judiciary hong kong court of final appeal court of final appeal of macau supreme people s court legal supervisory or prosecution department of justice procurator general supreme people s procuratorate police hong kong police force part of hong kong disciplined services public security police force of macau directorate of judiciary police zh parts of macau security force people s police of public security state security justice court and procuratorate systems people s armed police military pla hong kong garrison pla macau garrison people s liberation army pla people s armed police militia currency hong kong dollar macanese pataca renminbi chinese yuan official language s chinese traditional simplified cantonese mandarin english chinese traditional simplified cantonese mandarin portuguese standard chinese putonghua simplified foreign relations limited under hong kong china limited under macau china full rights principal agency in foreign affairs office of the commissioner of the ministry of foreign affairs of china in hong kong office of the commissioner of the ministry of foreign affairs of china in macau ministry of foreign affairs citizenship chinese citizenship chinese citizenship chinese citizenship proof of residency right of abode right of abode hukou passport hong kong sar passport macau sar passport chinese passport passport issuing authorities immigration department identification services bureau national immigration administration ministry of foreign affairs diplomatic missions customs customs and excise department macau customs service general administration of customs offer to taiwan and other roc controlled areas edit see also taiwan province people s republic of china and one country two systems taiwan plan the status of a special administrative region for taiwan and other areas controlled by the republic of china roc was first proposed in 1981 8 the 1981 proposal was put forth by npc chairman ye jianying called ye s nine points 葉九條 22 a series of different offers have since appeared on 25 june 1983 deng xiaoping appeared at seton hall university in the us to propose deng s six points 鄧六條 which called for a taiwan special administrative region 台湾特別行政区 22 it was envisioned that after taiwan s unification with the prc as an sar the prc would become the sole representative of china 22 under this proposal taiwan would be guaranteed its own military 22 its own administrative and legislative powers an independent judiciary and the right of adjudication although it would not be considered a separate government of china 22 in 2005 the anti secession law of the prc was enacted it promises the lands currently ruled by the authorities of taiwan a high degree of autonomy among other things 23 the prc can also employ non peaceful means and other necessary measures to defend its claims to sovereignty over the roc s territories in the event of an outright declaration of independence by the former 23 in january 2019 the 40 year anniversary of a statement made by the prc to the taiwan area in 1979 chinese communist party general secretary xi jinping outlined in a speech how the one country two systems principle would be applied to the region 24 several major points from the speech include 24 taiwan would be a special administrative region of china and part of the prc the roc would cease to exist 24 taiwan s institutions would metamorphose into sub national bodies 24 taiwan s social system and economic lifestyle would be respected 24 taiwan s private property rights belief systems and legitimate rights and interests would be safeguarded 24 the taiwan issue should not be passed down from generation to generation i e reunification should be done promptly 24 the reunification of taiwan would lead to the great rejuvenation of the chinese nation 24 wolong edit the wolong special administrative region 25 chinese 卧龙特别行政区 pinyin wòlóng tèbié xíngzhèngqū is located in the southwest of wenchuan county ngawa tibetan and qiang autonomous prefecture of sichuan it was formerly known as wolong special administrative region of wenchuan county sichuan province and was founded in march 1983 with approval of the state council it was given its current name and placed under sichuan provincial government with administrative supervision by the provincial department of forestry its area supersedes sichuan wolong national nature reserve and its administrative office is the same as the administrative bureau of the state forestry administration for the reserve it currently has a population of 5 343 25 despite its name the wolong special administrative region is not an sar as defined by article 31 of the constitution of china citation needed this is primarily because the wolong special administrative region was established with the approval of the state council rather than by law enacted by the national people s congress as stipulated in article 31 of the constitution 26 defunct sars edit in the republic of china roc era between 1912 and 1949 the special administrative regions chinese 特別行政區 pinyin tèbié xíngzhèngqū were historically used to designate special areas by the beiyang government most of which were eventually converted into provinces by the nationalist government in 1928 all were suspended or abolished after the end of the chinese civil war with the establishment of the people s republic of china prc and the roc government s retreat to taiwan but they continued to exist as provinces under roc law citation needed the regions were name chinese pinyin created became province current status suiyuan 綏遠 suíyuǎn 1914 1928 part of inner mongolia chahar 察哈尔 cháhā ěr 1914 1928 distributed into inner mongolia beijing and hebei jehol 熱河 rèhé 1914 1928 distributed into hebei liaoning and inner mongolia chwanpien 川边 chuānbiān 1914 1935 as xikang province western sichuan and eastern tibet autonomous region tungsheng 東省 dōngshěng 1924 land along the chinese eastern railway now part of heilongjiang weihai 威海 wēihǎi 1930 part of shandong hainan 海南 hǎinán 1944 in preparation in 1949 hainan province since 1988 see also edit china portal hong kong portal taiwan portal listen to this article 6 minutes this audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 23 july 2006 2006 07 23 and does not reflect subsequent edits audio help more spoken articles autonomous regions of china constitution of china federacy history of hong kong british hong kong 1841 1997 history of macau portuguese macau 1557 1999 notes edit simplified chinese 特别行政区 traditional chinese 特別行政區 pinyin tèbié xíngzhèngqū jyutping dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1 references edit mid year population for 2014 census and statistics department hong kong 12 august 2014 archived from the original on 6 october 2014 retrieved 5 october 2014 demographic statistics for the 2nd quarter 2014 statistics and census service of the government of macau sar 11 august 2014 archived from the original on 14 november 2014 retrieved 5 october 2014 regan helen 29 june 2020 china passes sweeping hong kong national security law cnn retrieved 29 july 2020 administrative divisions of the people s republic of china 中华人民共和国行政区划 zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó xíngzhèng qūhuà 15 june 2005 archived from the original on 23 july 2010 retrieved 5 june 2010 chapter ii relationship between the central authorities and the hong kong special administrative region article 12 archived from the original on 29 july 2010 retrieved 5 june 2010 chapter ii relationship between the central authorities and the macau special administrative region article 12 archived from the original on 5 february 2012 retrieved 5 june 2010 lauterpacht elihu greenwood c j 1999 1999 international law reports volume 114 of international law reports set complete set cambridge university press 199...