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the spectrum of frequencies of a signal as it varies with time for the scientific instrument see optical spectrograph spectrogram of the spoken words nineteenth century frequencies are shown increasing up the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis the legend to the right shows that the color intensity increases with the density a 3d spectrogram the rf spectrum of a battery charger is shown over time a spectrogram is a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies of a signal as it varies with time when applied to an audio signal spectrograms are sometimes called sonographs voiceprints or voicegrams when the data are represented in a 3d plot they may be called waterfall displays spectrograms are used extensively in the fields of music linguistics sonar radar speech processing 1 seismology ornithology and others spectrograms of audio can be used to identify spoken words phonetically and to analyse the various calls of animals a spectrogram can be generated by an optical spectrometer a bank of band pass filters by fourier transform or by a wavelet transform in which case it is also known as a scaleogram or scalogram 2 scaleograms from the dwt and cwt for an audio sample a spectrogram is usually depicted as a heat map i e as an image with the intensity shown by varying the colour or brightness format edit a common format is a graph with two geometric dimensions one axis represents time and the other axis represents frequency a third dimension indicating the amplitude of a particular frequency at a particular time is represented by the intensity or color of each point in the image there are many variations of format sometimes the vertical and horizontal axes are switched so time runs up and down sometimes as a waterfall plot where the amplitude is represented by height of a 3d surface instead of color or intensity the frequency and amplitude axes can be either linear or logarithmic depending on what the graph is being used for audio would usually be represented with a logarithmic amplitude axis probably in decibels or db and frequency would be linear to emphasize harmonic relationships or logarithmic to emphasize musical tonal relationships spectrogram of this recording of a violin playing note the harmonics occurring at whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency 3d surface spectrogram of a part from a music piece spectrogram of a male voice saying ta ta ta spectrogram of dolphin vocalizations chirps clicks and harmonizing are visible as inverted vs vertical lines and horizontal striations respectively spectrogram of an fm signal in this case the signal frequency is modulated with a sinusoidal frequency vs time profile spectrum above and waterfall spectrogram below of an 8mhz wide pal i television signal spectrogram of great tit song constant q spectrogram of a gravitational wave gw170817 spectrogram and waterfalls of 3 whistled notes spectrogram of the soundscape ecology of mount rainier national park with the sounds of different creatures and aircraft highlighted spectrogram generated with the freeware sonogram visible speech variable q transform spectrogram of a piano chord generated using ffmpeg s showcqt filter sound spectrography of infrasound recording 30301 generation edit spectrograms of light may be created directly using an optical spectrometer over time spectrograms may be created from a time domain signal in one of two ways approximated as a filterbank that results from a series of band pass filters this was the only way before the advent of modern digital signal processing or calculated from the time signal using the fourier transform these two methods actually form two different time frequency representations but are equivalent under some conditions the bandpass filters method usually uses analog processing to divide the input signal into frequency bands the magnitude of each filter s output controls a transducer that records the spectrogram as an image on paper 3 creating a spectrogram using the fft is a digital process digitally sampled data in the time domain is broken up into chunks which usually overlap and fourier transformed to calculate the magnitude of the frequency spectrum for each chunk each chunk then corresponds to a vertical line in the image a measurement of magnitude versus frequency for a specific moment in time the midpoint of the chunk these spectrums or time plots are then laid side by side to form the image or a three dimensional surface 4 or slightly overlapped in various ways i e windowing this process essentially corresponds to computing the squared magnitude of the short time fourier transform stft of the signal s t displaystyle s t that is for a window width ω displaystyle omega s p e c t r o g r a m t ω s t f t t ω 2 displaystyle mathrm spectrogram t omega left mathrm stft t omega right 2 5 limitations and resynthesis edit from the formula above it appears that a spectrogram contains no information about the exact or even approximate phase of the signal that it represents for this reason it is not possible to reverse the process and generate a copy of the original signal from a spectrogram though in situations where the exact initial phase is unimportant it may be possible to generate a useful approximation of the original signal the analysis resynthesis sound spectrograph 6 is an example of a computer program that attempts to do this the pattern playback was an early speech synthesizer designed at haskins laboratories in the late 1940s that converted pictures of the acoustic patterns of speech spectrograms back into sound in fact there is some phase information in the spectrogram but it appears in another form as time delay or group delay which is the dual of the instantaneous frequency 7 the size and shape of the analysis window can be varied a smaller shorter window will produce more accurate results in timing at the expense of precision of frequency representation a larger longer window will provide a more precise frequency representation at the expense of precision in timing representation this is an instance of the heisenberg uncertainty principle that the product of the precision in two conjugate variables is greater than or equal to a constant b t 1 in the usual notation 8 applications edit early analog spectrograms were applied to a wide range of areas including the study of bird calls with current research continuing using modern digital equipment 9 and applied to all animal sounds contemporary use of the digital spectrogram is especially useful for studying frequency modulation fm in animal calls specifically the distinguishing characteristics of fm chirps broadband clicks and social harmonizing are most easily visualized with the spectrogram spectrograms are useful in assisting in overcoming speech deficits and in speech training for the portion of the population that is profoundly deaf 10 the studies of phonetics and speech synthesis are often facilitated through the use of spectrograms 11 12 in deep learning keyed speech synthesis spectrogram or spectrogram in mel scale is first predicted by a seq2seq model then the spectrogram is fed to a neural vocoder to derive the synthesized raw waveform by reversing the process of producing a spectrogram it is possible to create a signal whose spectrogram is an arbitrary image this technique can be used to hide a picture in a piece of audio and has been employed by several electronic music artists 13 see also steganography some modern music is created using spectrograms as an intermediate medium changing the intensity of different frequencies over time or even creating new ones by drawing them and then inverse transforming see audio timescale pitch modification and phase vocoder spectrograms can be used to analyze the results of passing a test signal through a signal processor such as a filter in order to check its performance 14 high definition spectrograms are used in the development of rf and microwave systems 15 spectrograms are now used to display scattering parameters measured with vector network analyzers 16 the us geological survey and the iris consortium provide near real time spectrogram displays for monitoring seismic stations 17 18 spectrograms can be used with recurrent neural networks for speech recognition 19 20 for a vibration signal a spectrogram s color scale identifies the frequencies of a waveform s amplitude peaks over time unlike a time or frequency graph a spectrogram correlates peak values to time and frequency vibration test engineers use spectrograms to analyze the frequency content of a continuous waveform locating strong signals and determining how the vibration behavior changes over time 21 spectrograms can be used to analyze speech in two different applications automatic detection of speech deficits in cochlear implant users and phoneme class recognition to extract phone attribute features 22 in order to obtain a speaker s pronunciation characteristics some researchers proposed a method based on an idea from bionics which uses spectrogram statistics to achieve a characteristic spectrogram to give a stable representation of the speaker s pronunciation from a linear superposition of short time spectrograms 23 researchers explore a novel approach to ecg signal analysis by leveraging spectrogram techniques possibly for enhanced visualization and understanding the integration of mfcc for feature extraction suggests a cross disciplinary application borrowing methods from audio processing to extract relevant information from biomedical signals 24 accurate interpretation of temperature indicating paint tip is of great importance in aviation and other industrial applications 2d spectrogram of tip can be used in temperature interpretation 25 the spectrogram can be used to process the signal for the rate of change of the human thorax by visualizing respiratory signals using a spectrogram the researchers have proposed an approach to the classification of respiration states based on a neural network model 26 see also edit acoustic signature chromagram fourier analysis for computing periodicity in evenly spaced data generalized spectrogram least squares spectral analysis for computing periodicity in unevenly spaced data list of unexplained sounds reassignment method spectral music spectrometer strobe tuner waveform references edit jl flanagan speech analysis synthesis and perception springer verlag new york 1972 sejdic e djurovic i stankovic l august 2008 quantitative performance analysis of scalogram as instantaneous frequency estimator ieee transactions on signal processing 56 8 3837 3845 bibcode 2008itsp 56 3837s doi 10 1109 tsp 2008 924856 issn 1053 587x s2cid 16396084 spectrograph www sfu ca retrieved 7 april 2018 spectrograms ccrma stanford edu retrieved 7 april 2018 stft spectrograms vi ni labview 8 6 help zone ni com retrieved 7 april 2018 the analysis resynthesis sound spectrograph arss sourceforge net retrieved 7 april 2018 boashash b 1992 estimating and interpreting the instantaneous frequency of a signal i fundamentals proceedings of the ieee 80 4 institute of electrical and electronics engineers ieee 520 538 doi 10 1109 5 135376 issn 0018 9219 heisenberg uncertainty principle archived from the original on 2019 01 25 retrieved 2019 02 05 bird songs and calls with spectrograms sonograms of southern tuscany toscana italy www birdsongs it retrieved 7 april 2018 saunders frank a hill william a franklin barbara 1 december 1981 a wearable tactile sensory aid for profoundly deaf children journal of medical systems 5 4 265 270 doi 10 1007 bf02222144 pmid 7320662 s2cid 26620843 spectrogram reading ogi edu archived from the original on 27 april 1999 retrieved 7 april 2018 praat doing phonetics by computer www fon hum uva nl retrieved 7 april 2018 the aphex face bastwood www bastwood com retrieved 7 april 2018 src comparisons src infinitewave ca retrieved 7 april 2018 constantwave com constantwave resources and information www constantwave com retrieved 7 april 2018 spectrograms for vector network analyzers archived from the original on 2012 08 10 real time spectrogram displays earthquake usgs gov retrieved 7 april 2018 iris mustang noise spectrogram docs v 1 help geitgey adam 2016 12 24 machine learning is fun part 6 how to do speech recognition with deep learning medium retrieved 2018 03 21 see also praat what is a spectrogram retrieved 2023 12 18 t arias vergara p klumpp j c vasquez correa e nöth j r orozco arroyave m schuster 2021 multi channel spectrograms for speech processing applications using deep learning methods pattern analysis and applications 24 2 423 431 doi 10 1007 s10044 020 00921 5 jia yanjie chen xi yu jieqiong wang lianming xu yuanzhe liu shaojin wang yonghui 2021 speaker recognition based on characteristic spectrograms and an improved self organizing feature map neural network complex intelligent systems 7 4 1749 1757 doi 10 1007 s40747 020 00172 1 yalamanchili arpitha madhumathi g l balaji n 2022 spectrogram analysis of ecg signal and classification efficiency using mfcc feature extraction technique journal of ambient intelligence and humanized computing 13 2 757 767 doi 10 1007 s12652 021 02926 2 s2cid 233657057 ge junfeng wang li gui kang ye lin 30 september 2023 temperature interpretation method for temperature indicating paint based on spectrogram measurement 219 bibcode 2023meas 21913317g doi 10 1016 j measurement 2023 113317 s2cid 259871198 park cheolhyeong lee deokwoo 11 february 2022 classification of respiratory states using spectrogram with convolutional neural network applied sciences 12 4 1895 doi 10 3390 app12041895 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to spectrograms look up spectrogram in wiktionary the free dictionary see an online spectrogram of speech or other sounds captured by your computer s microphone generating a tone sequence whose spectrogram matches an arbitrary text online further information on creating a signal whose spectrogram is an arbitrary image article describing the development of a software spectrogram history of spectrograms development of instrumentation how to identify the words in a spectrogram from a linguistic professor s monthly mystery spectrogram publication sonogram visible speech gpl licensed freeware for the spectrogram generation of signal files retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title spectrogram oldid 1368207541 categories acoustic measurement signal processing time frequency analysis spectrum physical sciences hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 7 august 2026 at 17 55 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a 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