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d considered to be a worthy pursuit especially for males raised in military professions 11 writing in 1801 the sports writer joseph strutt stated there is no other exercise that has more uniformly met the approbation of authors than running in the middle ages foot racing was considered as an essential part of a young man s education especially if he was the son of a man of rank and brought up in a military profession 12 in america in 1691 sir francis nicholson hosted a virginia athletic games which involved foot races among its events these races were partly based on a practice from britain where aristocrats would race their footmen against each other for entertainment as betting became more a part of the races professional runners began to increasingly emerge 13 writing in 1838 the hawaiian intellectual david malo described foot races which were part of traditional hawaiian culture the participants were called kukini meaning swift runners and they trained with task specific physical training exercises and ate a specialised diet malo states the runner was first exercised in walking on his toes without touching the heel of the foot to the ground then he was set to running at first for a short distance at a moderate pace finally he was made to run at full speed for great distances while in training they were denied poi and all soggy heavy food but were fed on rare done flesh of the fowl and roasted vegetables taro sweet potato bread fruit etc 14 the sprinters had to race from a starting point to a flag on a pole bets were placed on the runners by the spectators 15 these runners were also employed as messengers for civil and military matters 16 the first modern olympic games started in the late 19th century athens 1896 17 and featured the 100 metres and 400 metres athletes started both races from a crouched start 4 point stance in both the original olympics and the modern olympics only men were allowed to participate in track and field until the 1928 games in amsterdam netherlands 18 the 1928 games were also the first games to use a 400 metre track which became the standard for track and field the modern sprinting events have their roots in races of imperial measurements which were later altered to metric the 100 m evolved from the 100 yard dash 19 the 200 m distance came from the furlong or 1 8 mile 20 and the 400 m was the successor to the 440 yard dash or quarter mile race 6 technological advances have always improved sprint performances i e starting blocks synthetic track material and shoe technology in 1924 athletes used a small shovel to dig holes to start the race the world record in the 100 metre dash in 1924 was 10 4 seconds while in 1948 the first use of starting blocks was 10 2 seconds and was 10 1 seconds in 1956 the constant drive for faster athletes with better technology has brought man from 10 4 seconds to 9 58 seconds in less than 100 years track events were measured with the metric system except for the united kingdom and the united states until 1965 and 1974 respectively the amateur athletic association aau 21 decided to switch track and field in the u s to the metric system to finally make track and field internationally equivalent biological factors for runners edit biological factors that determine a sprinter s potential include height minor factor citation needed muscular strength adrenaline use anaerobic respiration capacity breathing footspeed proportion of fast twitch muscles 22 leg length pelvic width citation needed competitions edit start of the women s 60 m at the 2010 world indoor championships common contemporary distances edit 60 metres edit normally run indoors on a straight section of an indoor athletic track some of the fastest humans reach their maximum speed around the 60 metre mark 60 metres is often used as an outdoor distance by younger athletes when starting sprint racing note indoor distances are less standardized as many facilities run shorter or occasionally longer distances depending on available space 60 m is the championship distance 100 metres edit source 23 takes place on the straight of a standard outdoor 400 m track often the world record holder in this race is considered the world s fastest man or woman primarily an outdoor race a 200 m bend 200 metres edit source 23 begins on the curve of a standard track where the runners are staggered in their starting position to ensure that they all run the same distance and ends on the home straight competed both indoors and outdoors with only slightly slower times than outdoors 400 metres edit source 23 runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance competed both indoors and outdoors with only slightly slower times than outdoors allyson felix at london 2012 summer olympics 4 100 metres relay edit source 24 runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance runners use exchange zones and previously separate acceleration zones which have now been eliminated to pass a baton 4 400 metres relay edit source 24 runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance runners use exchange zones to pass a baton typically the final race at track meets historical and uncommon distances edit 50 yards 45 72 m edit the event was a common event for most american students because it was one of the standardized test events as part of the president s award on physical fitness 25 50 m edit the 50 metres is an uncommon event and alternative to the 60 metres donovan bailey holds the men s world record with a time of 5 56 seconds and irina privalova holds the women s world record with a time of 5 96 seconds 60 yards 54 864 m edit main article 60 yard dash a rarely run sprinting event that was once more commonplace the world record time of 5 99 seconds is held by lee mcrae and was set in 1987 the time is often used for american football speed training 55 m edit the 55 metres is an uncommon event that resulted from the metrication of the 60 yards and is an alternative to the 60 metres 70 yards 64 008 m edit an extremely rare sprinting event that was occasionally run in the 1960s the world record of 6 90 seconds is held by bob hayes 100 yards 91 44 m edit the outdoor standard in the english imperial measured speaking world it was part of the commonwealth games up until 1966 and was the premier event in american high school sprinting until the nfhs changed to metric in 1980 now only a secondary distance to the 100 metres the unofficial world record holder is jamaican asafa powell with a time of 9 07 seconds 150 m edit 150 metres final at the manchester city games 2009 the informal distance of 150 metres 164 042 yards can be used to work on a 100 m runner s stamina or a 200 m runner s speed and has been used as an exhibition distance the distance was used in a race between the 1996 olympic champions the 100 m gold medalist donovan bailey canada and the 200 m gold medalist michael johnson usa it was to decide which of the two was really the fastest man on earth see bailey johnson 150 metre race the informal distance was used for an exhibition race during the manchester great citygames as part of the 2009 great manchester run uk stars included triple olympic champion usain bolt jamaica alongside ivory williams usa simeon williamson uk and other international track stars the female race included 400 m olympic champion christine ohuruogu of great britain alongside debbie ferguson mckenzie bahamas bolt ran the distance in a record time of 14 35 seconds 26 27 stadion edit a race scene from ancient greece this drawing is an early 20th century copy of scene from an ancient greek panathenaic amphora 28 the stadion also known as the stade was the standard short distance sprint in ancient greece and ran the length of a stadium however stadiums could vary in size and there was apparently no definite standard length for them e g the stadium at delphi measures 177 m and the one at pergamon 210 m 29 300 m edit the 300 metres is another informal distance which could be used to aid a 200 m runner s stamina or a 400 m runner s speed currently the world s best for this event is 30 69 seconds set by letsile tebogo at altitude in pretoria south africa in 2024 30 the women s record is 34 41 seconds set by shaunae miller uibo in ostrava czech republic in 2019 31 junior girls in several countries run this distance instead of the 400 metres diaulos edit a hoplitodromos sprinter in the start position with a trainer this artistic study of a panathenaic amphora was first published in 1910 from this position the runner will quickly crouch before taking his initial strides forward 32 a hoplitodromos race in progress on a panathenaic amphora c 323 bc louvre museum the diaulos was an event contested in the ancient greek olympia that was double the length of a stadion hoplitodromos edit as well as standard foot races in ancient greece there was also a sprint race called the hoplitodromos armed diaulos 33 this required the sprinters to additionally carry a large shield wear greaves and a helmet the wearing of greaves was discontinued around 450 bc 34 similarly to the diaulos they ran two stades in length i e one stade ending with a 180 degree turn around a post which led onto the second stade in length back down the track 33 in the diaulos each sprinter had an individual post to run around 35 however for some hoplitodromos races all of the sprinters ran around a single central post 36 due to the significant weight being carried the length of the stance phase and the foot s contact time with the ground was increased 37 this allowed for a greater general recovery phase to be integrated including of balance and energy which was necessary due to the added stability and effort required to run with the bronze armament in comparison to unweighted sprinting events and their respective participants the hoplitodromos favoured athletes with relatively longer bodies and shorter legs 38 4 200 metres relay edit runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance runners use acceleration zones and exchange zones to pass a baton 24 equipment edit shoes edit typically a sprinter only needs two types of shoes training shoes and sprinting spikes 39 sprinting spikes are typically designed to be lightweight with a minimal cushion on the heels and a plate on the forefoot to keep the runner on the toes of each foot the spike plate will typically have the maximum number of holes for metal spikes to be inserted to keep a proper grip on the track surface these metal removable spikes also come in varying sizes the spikes typically range from 4 mm to 15 mm and come in different styles most facilities have specific requirements for what size and style spikes can be used 40 starting blocks edit starting blocks are not a necessity but are highly suggested for use in sprinting events starting blocks are a piece of equipment that typically consists of foot pads attached to a central rail the point of using blocks is to help the athlete push themselves further down the track as quickly as possible baton edit the baton is a required element for any relay race the baton is passed to each athlete through different exchange zones with different techniques typically about 30 centimetres 1 ft long and 3 8 centimetres 1 5 in in diameter timing edit stopwatches edit used typically in training sessions to measure relative times and recovery times stopwatches are not always the most accurate way to measure times in a race setting fully automatic timing gate systems edit fully automatic timing fat and gate systems are used to accurately measure races with results as accurate as up to 1 1000 of a second 41 governing bodies edit as of 2021 world athletics wa 42 is the governing body for track and field around the world every country that wishes to participate in wa competitions must become a member 43 rules edit rule differences between governing bodies edit each governing body sets its own rules for how competition is deemed fair world athletics sets the competition rules internationally the world athletics rulebook 44 is broken into 4 separate books the start edit jeremy wariner beginning a race from the starting blocks starting blocks are used for all competition sprints up to and including 400 m and relay events first leg only up to 4x400 m 45 the starting blocks consist of two adjustable footplates attached to a rigid frame races commence with the firing of the starter s gun 45 the starting commands are on your marks and set 45 once all athletes are in the set position the starter s gun is fired officially starting the race for the 100 m all competitors are lined up side by side for the 200 m 300 m and 400 m which involve curves runners are staggered for the start in the rare event that there are technical issues with a start a green card is shown to all the athletes the green card carries no penalty if an athlete is unhappy with track conditions after the on your marks command is given the athlete must raise a hand before the set command and provide the start referee with a reason it is then up to the start referee to decide if the reason is valid if the start referee deems the reason invalid a yellow card warning is issued to that particular athlete if the athlete is already on a warning the athlete is disqualified false starts edit main article false start athletics track and field according to the world athletics wa rules an athlete after assuming a full and final set position shall not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun or approved starting apparatus if in the judgement of the starter or recallers he does so any earlier it shall be deemed a false start 45 the 100 m olympic gold and silver medallist linford christie of great britain famously had frequent false starts that were marginally below the legal reaction time of 0 1 seconds christie and his coach ron roddan both claimed that the false starts were due to christie s exceptional reaction times being under legal time his frequent false starting eventually led to his disqualification from the 1996 summer olympics 100 m final in atlanta the us due to a second false start by christie since january 2010 under wa rules a single false start by an athlete resulted in disqualification in 2012 a new development to the false start rule was added because certain athletes could be disqualified for twitching in the starting blocks but some athletes could make a twitch without the starter noticing and disqualifying the athlete it was decided that twitching in the starting block while being in the set position would only carry a maximum penalty of a yellow card or a warning to instantly be disqualified for a false start an athlete s hands must leave the track or their feet must leave the starting blocks while the athlete is in their final set position 46 lanes edit...