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tory the serb authorities remained intent on capturing the enclave on 13 april 1993 the serbs told the unhcr representatives that they would attack the town within two days unless the bosniaks surrendered and agreed to be evacuated 46 starvation with the failure to demilitarize and the shortage of supplies getting in orić consolidated his power and controlled the black market orić s men began hoarding food fuel cigarettes and embezzled money sent by aid agencies to support muslim orphans 47 basic necessities were out of reach for many in srebrenica due to orić s actions un officials were beginning to lose patience with the arbih in srebrenica and saw them as criminal gang leaders pimps and black marketeers 48 a former serb soldier of the red berets unit described the tactics used to starve and kill the besieged population it was almost like a game a cat and mouse hunt but of course we greatly outnumbered the muslims so in almost all cases we were the hunters and they were the prey we needed them to surrender but how do you get someone to surrender in a war like this you starve them to death so very quickly we realised that it wasn t really weapons being smuggled into srebrenica that we should worry about but food they were truly starving in there so they would send people out to steal cattle or gather crops and our job was to find and kill them no prisoners well yes if we thought they had useful information we might keep them alive until we got it out of them but in the end no prisoners the local people became quite indignant so sometimes we would keep someone alive to hand over to them to kill just to keep them happy 49 when british journalist tony birtley visited srebrenica in march 1993 he took footage of civilians starving to death 50 the hague tribunal in the case of orić concluded bosnian serb forces controlling the access roads were not allowing international humanitarian aid most importantly food and medicine to reach srebrenica as a consequence there was a constant and serious shortage of food causing starvation to peak in the winter of 1992 1993 numerous people died or were in an extremely emaciated state due to malnutrition bosnian muslim fighters and their families however were provided with food rations from existing storage facilities the most disadvantaged group among the bosnian muslims was that of the refugees who usually lived on the streets and without shelter in freezing temperatures only in november and december 1992 did two un convoys with humanitarian aid reach the enclave and this despite bosnian serb obstruction 32 1993 1995 srebrenica safe area un security council declares srebrenica a safe area areas of control in eastern bosnia and herzegovina enclaves near the serbian border september 1994 on 16 april 1993 the united nations security council passed resolution 819 which demanded all parties treat srebrenica and its surroundings as a safe area which should be free from any armed attack or hostile act 51 on 18 april the first group of unprofor troops arrived in srebrenica unprofor deployed canadian troops to protect it as one of five newly established un safe areas 45 unprofor s presence prevented an all out assault though skirmishes and mortar attacks continued 45 on 8 may 1993 an agreement was reached for demilitarization of srebrenica according to a un report general sefer halilović and general mladić agreed on measures covering the whole of the srebrenica enclave and žepa bosniac forces would hand over their weapons ammunition and mines to unprofor after which serb heavy weapons and units that constitute a menace to the demilitarised zones will be withdrawn unlike the earlier agreement it stated specifically that srebrenica was to be considered a demilitarised zone as referred to in the geneva conventions 52 both parties violated the agreement though two years of relative stability followed the establishment of the enclave 53 lieutenant colonel thom karremans the dutchbat commander testified that his personnel were prevented from returning to the enclave by serb forces and that equipment and ammunition were prevented from getting in 54 bosniaks in srebrenica complained of attacks by serb soldiers while to the serbs it appeared bosnian forces were using the safe area as a convenient base to launch counter offensives and unprofor was failing to prevent it 54 24 general sefer halilović admitted arbih helicopters had flown in violation of the no fly zone and he had dispatched eight helicopters with ammunition for the 28th division 54 24 between 1 000 and 2 000 soldiers from the vrs drina corps brigades were deployed around the enclave equipped with tanks armoured vehicles artillery and mortars the 28th mountain division of the arbih in the enclave was neither well organised nor equipped and lacked a firm command structure and communications system some of its soldiers carried old hunting rifles or no weapons few had proper uniforms un failure to demilitarise a security council mission led by diego arria arrived on 25 april 1993 and in their report to the un condemned the serbs for perpetrating a slow motion process of genocide 55 the mission stated serb forces must withdraw to points from which they cannot attack harass or terrorise the town specific instructions from un headquarters in new york city stated unprofor should not be too zealous in searching for bosniak weapons and the serbs should withdraw their heavy weapons before the bosniaks disarmed which the serbs never did 55 attempts to demilitarise the arbih and force withdrawal of the army of republika srpska rs proved futile the arbih hid most of their heavy weapons modern equipment and ammunition in the surrounding forest and only handed over disused and old weaponry 43 the vrs refused to withdraw from the front lines due to intelligence they received regarding arbih s hidden weaponry 56 in march 1994 unprofor sent 600 dutch soldiers dutchbat to replace the canadians by march 1995 serb forces controlled all territory surrounding srebrenica preventing even un access to the supply road humanitarian aid decreased and living conditions quickly deteriorated 45 unprofor presence prevented all out assault on the safe area though skirmishes and mortar attacks continued 45 the dutchbat alerted unprofor command to the dire conditions but unprofor declined to send humanitarian relief or military support 45 organisation of unprofor and unpf main article united nations protection force in april 1995 unprofor became the name used for the bosnia and herzegovina regional command of the now renamed united nations peace forces unpf 57 with 12 500 british french and dutch troops equipped with tanks and high calibre artillery to increase the effectiveness and the credibility of the peacekeeping operation 57 the report states in the unprofor chain of command dutchbat occupied the fourth tier with the sector commanders occupying the third tier the fourth tier primarily had an operational task dutchbat was expected to operate as an independent unit with its own logistic arrangements dutchbat was dependent on the unprofor organization to some extent for crucial supplies such as fuel for the rest it was expected to obtain its supplies from the netherlands from an organizational point of view the battalion had two lifelines unprofor and the royal netherlands army dutchbat had been assigned responsibility for the srebrenica safe area neither unprofor nor bosnia hercegovina paid much attention to srebrenica however srebrenica was situated in eastern bosnia and herzegovina which was geographically and mentally far removed from sarajevo and zagreb the rest of the world was focused on the fight for sarajevo as a safe area srebrenica only occasionally managed to attract the attention of the world press or the un security council that is why the dutch troops there remained of secondary importance in operational and logistic terms for so long and why the importance of the enclave in the battle for domination between the bosnian serbs and bosnian muslims failed to be recognised for so long 58 situation deteriorates by early 1995 fewer and fewer supply convoys were making it through to the enclave the situation in srebrenica and other enclaves had deteriorated into lawless violence as prostitution among young muslim girls theft and black marketeering proliferated 59 already meager resources dwindled further and even the un forces started running dangerously low on food medicine ammunition and fuel eventually being forced to start patrolling on foot dutch soldiers who left on leave were not allowed to return 55 and their number dropped from 600 to 400 men in march and april the dutch soldiers noticed a build up of serb forces in march 1995 radovan karadžić president of republika srpska rs despite pressure from the international community to end the war and efforts to negotiate peace issued a directive to the vrs concerning long term strategy in the enclave the directive known as directive 7 specified the vrs was to complete the physical separation of srebrenica from žepa as soon as possible preventing even communication between individuals in the two enclaves by planned and well thought out combat operations create an unbearable situation of total insecurity with no hope of further survival or life for the inhabitants of srebrenica 60 by mid 1995 the humanitarian situation in the enclave was catastrophic in may following orders orić and his staff left the enclave leaving senior officers in command of the 28th division in late june and early july the 28th division issued reports including urgent pleas for the humanitarian corridor to be reopened when this failed bosniak civilians began dying from starvation on 7 july the mayor reported eight residents had died 61 on 4 june unprofor commander bernard janvier a frenchman secretly met with ratko mladić to obtain the release of hostages many of whom were french mladić demanded of janvier that there would be no more airstrikes 62 in the weeks leading up to the assault on srebrenica by the vrs arbih forces were ordered to carry out diversion and disruption attacks on the vrs by the high command 63 on one occasion on 25 june arbih forces attacked vrs units on the sarajevo zvornik road inflicting high casualties and looting vrs stockpiles 63 6 11 july 1995 serb takeover main article siege of srebrenica the serb offensive against srebrenica began in earnest on 6 july the vrs with 2 000 soldiers were outnumbered by the defenders and did not expect the assault to be an easy victory 63 five unprofor observation posts in the south of the enclave fell in the face of the bosnian serb advance some dutch soldiers retreated into the enclave after their posts were attacked the crews of the other observation posts surrendered into serb custody the defending bosnian forces numbering 6 000 came under fire and were pushed back towards the town once the southern perimeter began to collapse about 4 000 bosniak residents who had been living in a swedish housing complex for refugees nearby fled north into srebrenica dutch soldiers reported the advancing serbs were cleansing the houses in the south of the enclave 64 a dutch ypr 765 of the type used at srebrenica on 8 july a dutch ypr 765 armoured vehicle took fire from the serbs and withdrew a group of bosniaks demanded the vehicle stay to defend them and established a makeshift barricade to prevent its retreat as the vehicle withdrew a bosniak farmer manning the barricade threw a grenade onto it and killed dutch soldier raviv van renssen 65 on 9 july emboldened by success little resistance from the demilitarised bosniaks and lack of reaction from the international community president karadžić issued a new order authorising the 1 500 strong 66 vrs drina corps to capture srebrenica 64 the following morning 10 july lieutenant colonel karremans made urgent requests for air support from nato to defend srebrenica as crowds filled the streets some of whom carried weapons vrs tanks were approaching and nato airstrikes on these began on 11 july nato bombers attempted to attack vrs artillery locations outside the town but poor visibility forced nato to cancel this further air attacks were cancelled after vrs threats to bomb the un s potočari compound kill dutch and french military hostages and attack surrounding locations where 20 000 to 30 000 civilian refugees were situated 64 30 dutchbat soldiers were taken hostage by mladić s troops 45 late in the afternoon of 11 july general mladić accompanied by general živanović commander of the drina corps general krstić deputy commander of the drina corps and other vrs officers took a triumphant walk through the deserted streets of srebrenica 64 in the evening 67 lieutenant colonel karremans was filmed drinking a toast with mladić during the bungled negotiations on the fate of the civilian population grouped in potočari 15 68 massacre the two highest ranking serb politicians from bosnia and herzegovina karadžić and momčilo krajišnik both indicted for genocide were warned by vrs commander mladić found guilty of genocide in 2017 that their plans could not be realized without committing genocide mladić said at a parliamentary session of 12 may 1992 people are not little stones or keys in someone s pocket that can be moved from one place to another just like that therefore we cannot precisely arrange for only serbs to stay in one part of the country while removing others painlessly i do not know how mr krajišnik and mr karadžić will explain that to the world that is genocide 69 increasing concentration of refugees in potočari headquarters in potočari for soldiers under united nations command dutchbat had 370 15 soldiers in srebrenica during the massacre the building was a disused battery factory by the evening of 11 july approximately 20 000 25 000 bosniak refugees from srebrenica were gathered in potočari seeking protection within the unprofor dutchbat headquarters several thousand had pressed inside the compound while the rest were spread throughout neighbouring factories and fields though most were women children elderly or disabled 63 witnesses estimated there were at least 300 men inside the compound and between 600 and 900 in the crowd outside 70 conditions included little food or water and sweltering heat a unprofor dutchbat officer described the scene they were panicked they were scared and they were pressing each other against the soldiers my soldiers the un soldiers that tried to calm them people who fell were trampled on it was a chaotic situation 70 on 12 july the un security council in resolution 1004 expressed concern at the humanitarian situation in potočari condemned the offensive by bosnian serb forces and demanded immediate withdrawal on 13 july the dutch forces expelled five bosniak refugees from the compound despite knowing men outside were being killed 71 crimes committed in potočari on 12 july the refugees in the compound could see vrs memb...
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