Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

stack, of, and, procedures, oriented, programming, contents, based, algorithms, manipulation, effect, diagrams, postscript, stacks, analysis, the, language, model, see, also, references, variables, dictionaries, anatomy, some, typical, control, flow,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (135), stack (90), and (52), #programming (28), oriented (25), this (22), for (22), based (20), can (20), data (19), languages (18), language (18), with (17), #postscript (17), are (17), edit (15), from (14), procedures (12), wikipedia (11), articles (11), example (11), mul (11), other (10), that (10), procedure (10), plate (10), logic (9), exch (9), dup (9), page (8), object (8), one (8), not (8), def (8), fib (8), atop (8), plates (8), article (8), add (7), use (7), style (7), function (7), some (7), way (7), which (7), variables (7), top (7), when (7), stacks (7), how (7), statement (6), may (6), all (6), first (6), level (6), notation (6), false (6), then (6), result (6), calculation (6), name (6), learn (6), contents (5), issues (5), interpreted (5), functional (5), end (5), command (5), flow (5), expression (5), programs (5), model (5), since (5), such (5), written (5), analysis (5), three (5), has (5), defined (5), key (5), used (5), take (5), dictionary (5), dictionaries (5), multiply (5), after (5), effect (5), postfix (5), input (5), conveyor (5), remove (5), search (4), code (4), links (4), multiple (4), references (4), description (4), paradigm (4), structured (4), concurrent (4), recursive (4), see (4), being (4), greater (4), than (4), control (4), here (4), sub (4), number (4), different (4), what (4), only (4), before (4), more (4), message (4), help (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), toggle (3), table (3), view (3), additional (3), non (3), march (3), dead (3), 2019 (3), june (3), 2018 (3), needing (3), short (3), paradigms (3), second (3), very (3), list (3), program (3), constraint (3), value (3), anonymous (3), call (3), syntax (3), polish (3), also (3), simple (3), expressions (3), done (3), writing (3), form (3), understanding (3), there (3), condition (3), true (3), named (3), variable (3), following (3), often (3), they (3), typical (3), separate (3), create (3), forth (3), operators (3), manipulate (3), manipulation (3), element (3), these (3), put (3), new (3), removed (3), algorithms (3), please (3), improve (3), lead (3), tools (3), main (3), contact (2), about (2), privacy (2), policy (2), under (2), terms (2), using (2), you (2), was (2), categories (2), external (2), covered (2), wikiproject (2), wikify (2), pages (2), cleanup (2), december (2), 2009 (2), wikidata (2), retrieved (2), title (2), high (2), low (2), assembly (2), machine (2), types (2), multi (2), driven (2), inductive (2), automatic (2), parallel (2), system (2), set (2), probabilistic (2), english (2), modeling (2), specific (2), answer (2), reactive (2), free (2), purely (2), higher (2), order (2), design (2), link (2), pdf (2), bibtex (2), reverse (2), ability (2), definitions (2), operator (2), custom (2), instead (2), define (2), provided (2), allows (2), simply (2), evaluated (2), needs (2), but (2), well (2), its (2), however (2), constructs (2), printf (2), else (2), equivalent (2), naturally (2), expected (2), been (2), squaring (2), assuming (2), called (2), analysed (2), created (2), each (2), steps (2), definition (2), fibonacci (2), arguments (2), anatomy (2), objects (2), stored (2), most (2), next (2), same (2), another (2), already (2), provide (2), means (2), treated (2), duplicate (2), between (2), involves (2), associated (2), any (2), special (2), purposes (2), comments (2), below (2), described (2), swap (2), drop (2), comment (2), showing (2), commonly (2), diagrams (2), elements (2), becomes (2), discard (2), push (2), pop (2), termed (2), prefix (2), processing (2), shown (2), two (2), orientation (2), belt (2), uses (2), relies (2), parameters (2), need (2), guide (2), reflect (2), sources (2), citations (2), talk (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), history (2), read (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, mobile, cookie, statistics, developers, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, text, available, apply, site, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, wikimedia, foundation, inc, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, april, maintenance, introduction, matches, https, org, index, php, oriented_programming, oldid, 1344653843, fifth, fourth, third, generation, esoteric, compiled, type, comparison, comparisons, lists, subjects, roles, literate, features, event, components, aspects, separation, concerns, template, symbolic, self, modifying, reflective, vibe, coding, demonstration, bayesian, synthesis, stage, metalinguistic, abstraction, hygienic, macro, interactive, homoiconicity, generic, extensible, dynamic, attribute, metaprogramming, concurrency, service, relativistic, process, partitioned, global, address, space, models, organic, computing, multitier, macroprogramming, choreographic, mutual, exclusion, actor, visual, pattern, production, graph, rewriting, transformation, templating, tactile, simulation, theoretic, scripting, scientific, quantum, filters, pipes, natural, comprehension, interface, grammar, user, differentiable, spacecraft, action, automata, array, algebraic, dsl, domain, query, ontology, nondeterministic, abductive, synchronous, streams, signals, dataflow, monad, concatenative, applicative, point, dependent, gadts, strict, total, partial, application, declarative, uniform, persistent, immutable, agent, prototype, class, nested, invariant, contract, large, small, procedural, modular, block, jackson, structures, imperative, oren, patashnik, designing, styles, luerweg, 2015, concepts, copl, return, while, shadow, inbuilt, make, hard, debug, irresponsible, feature, cause, unpredictable, behaviour, simplify, functions, greatly, overridden, applies, certain, having, repeat, generate, showpage, overriding, theoretically, much, faster, facilitates, machines, why, suits, printers, slightly, artificial, initial, barrier, lexical, looping, similar, performs, near, ifelse, exist, arise, pieces, required, empty, does, construct, evaluates, inner, decomposing, reflecting, takes, argument, tested, examine, handled, unexpected, arises, looking, topmost, checked, local, will, controlling, scoping, storing, names, executed, directly, represents, own, right, denoted, associates, difference, exists, former, representing, stands, implemented, usually, specialized, holds, must, prefixed, pairs, evaluation, implementation, important, concern, interact, have, both, referenced, though, necessarily, context, assertions, hoare, postconditions, preconditions, rot, over, basic, aid, rightmost, items, where, enclosed, parentheses, sort, exchange, cyclically, permute, part, implicit, others, become, studying, roll, concluded, handle, taking, piece, ping, putting, back, ing, thus, amenable, conventionally, contains, complex, needed, performed, exactly, manner, achieve, correct, column, shows, instruction, perform, off, their, labels, write, old, remaining, presented, analogy, marked, placed, sequence, taken, cannot, accessed, until, added, middle, bottom, blank, marker, supplied, permanently, discarded, multiplication, operation, calculating, works, popping, pushing, govern, manipulates, emphasize, known, diagram, statements, pass, modified, operate, listed, would, many, fit, rpl, factor, infix, discuss, suggestions, better, encyclopedic, tone, reason, given, review, without, rewritten, section, unsourced, material, challenged, jstor, scholar, books, newspapers, news, find, adding, reliable, messages, redirects, memory, allocation, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, information, permanent, related, general, actions, 한국어, qaraqalpaqsha, italiano, subsection, personal, recent, community, portal, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
dia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 stack based algorithms 2 stack manipulation 3 stack effect diagrams 4 postscript stacks toggle postscript stacks subsection 4 1 variables and dictionaries 4 2 procedures 4 3 anatomy of some typical procedures 4 4 control and flow 5 analysis of the language model 6 see also 7 references toggle the table of contents stack oriented programming 5 languages italiano qaraqalpaqsha 한국어 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia programming paradigm that relies on a stack machine model stack based redirects here for other uses see stack based memory allocation this article has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources stack oriented programming news newspapers books scholar jstor december 2009 learn how and when to remove this message this article s lead section may need to be rewritten the reason given is reflect the new title without language please review the lead guide and help improve the lead of this article if you can june 2018 learn how and when to remove this message this article s style of writing may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on wikipedia see wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for suggestions march 2019 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message stack oriented programming is a programming paradigm that relies on one or more stacks to manipulate data and or pass parameters programming constructs in other programming languages need to be modified for use in a stack oriented system 1 most stack oriented languages operate in postfix or reverse polish notation arguments or parameters for a command are listed before that command for example postfix notation would be written 2 3 multiply instead of multiply 2 3 prefix or polish notation or 2 multiply 3 infix notation the programming languages forth factor rpl postscript bibtex style design language 2 and many assembly languages fit this paradigm stack based algorithms manipulate data by popping data from and pushing data to the stack operators govern how the stack manipulates data to emphasize the effect of a statement a comment is often used showing the top of the stack before and after the statement this is known as the stack effect diagram some stack oriented languages may use multiple stacks for different purposes for example postscript uses separate stacks for variables dictionaries procedures some typical procedures and control flow statements analysis of the language model allows expressions and programs to be interpreted simply stack based algorithms edit postscript is an example of a postfix stack based language an expression example in this language is 2 3 mul mul being the command for the multiplication operation calculating the expression involves understanding how stack orientation works stack orientation can be presented as the following conveyor belt analogy at the end of a conveyor belt the input plates marked 2 3 and mul are placed in sequence the plate at the end of the conveyor 2 can be taken however other plates cannot be accessed until the plate at the end is removed the plates can only be stored in a stack and can only be added or removed from atop the stack not from the middle or bottom blank plates and a marker can be supplied and plates can be permanently discarded take plate 2 and put it on the stack then take plate 3 and put it on the stack next take the mul plate this is an instruction to perform then take the top two plates off the stack multiply their labels 2 and 3 and write the result 6 on a new plate discard the two old plates 2 and 3 and the plate mul and put the new plate on the stack with no more plates remaining on the conveyor the result of the calculation 6 is shown on the plate atop the stack this is a very simple calculation what if a more complex calculation is needed such as 2 3 11 1 if it is first written in postfix form that is 2 3 add 11 mul 1 add the calculation can be performed in exactly the same manner and achieve the correct result the steps of the calculation are shown in the table below each column shows an input element the plate at the end of the conveyor and the contents of the stack after processing that input input 2 3 add 11 mul 1 add stack 2 3 2 5 11 5 55 1 55 56 after processing all the input the stack contains 56 which is the answer from this the following can be concluded a stack based programming language has only one way to handle data by taking one piece of data from atop the stack termed pop ping and putting data back atop the stack termed push ing any expression that can be written conventionally or in another programming language can be written in postfix or prefix form and thus be amenable to being interpreted by a stack oriented language stack manipulation edit since the stack is the key means to manipulate data in a stack oriented language such languages often provide some sort of stack manipulation operators commonly provided are dup to duplicate the element atop the stack exch or swap to exchange elements atop the stack the first becomes second and the second becomes first roll to cyclically permute elements in the stack or on part of the stack pop or drop to discard the element atop the stack push is implicit and others these become key in studying procedures stack effect diagrams edit as an aid to understanding the effect of the statement a short comment is used showing the top of the stack before and after the statement the top of the stack is rightmost if there are multiple items this notation is commonly used in the forth language where comments are enclosed in parentheses before after for example the basic forth stack operators are described dup a a a drop a swap a b b a over a b a b a rot a b c b c a the fib function below is described fib n n it is equivalent to preconditions and postconditions in hoare logic both comments may also be referenced as assertions though not necessarily in the context of stack based languages postscript stacks edit postscript and some other stack languages have other separate stacks for other purposes variables and dictionaries edit the evaluation of different expressions has already been analysed the implementation of variables is important for any programming language but for stack oriented languages it is of special concern as there is only one way to interact with data the way variables are implemented in stack oriented languages such as postscript usually involves a separate specialized stack which holds dictionaries of key value pairs to create a variable a key the variable name must be created first with which a value is then associated in postscript a name data object is prefixed with a so x is a name data object which can be associated with for example the number 42 the define command is def so x 42 def associates with the name x with the number 42 in the dictionary atop the stack a difference exists between x and x the former is a data object representing a name and x stands for what is defined under x procedures edit a procedure in a stack based programming language is treated as a data object in its own right in postscript procedures are denoted between and for example in postscript syntax dup mul represents an anonymous procedure to duplicate what is on the top of the stack and then multiply the result a squaring procedure since procedures are treated as simple data objects names with procedures can be defined when they are retrieved they are executed directly dictionaries provide a means of controlling scoping as well as storing definitions since data objects are stored in the top most dictionary an unexpected ability arises naturally when looking up a definition from a dictionary the topmost dictionary is checked then the next and so on if a procedure is defined that has the same name as another already defined in a different dictionary the local one will be called anatomy of some typical procedures edit procedures often take arguments they are handled by the procedure in a very specific way different from that of other programming languages to examine a fibonacci number program in postscript fib dup dup 1 eq exch 0 eq or not dup 1 sub fib exch 2 sub fib add if def a recursive definition is used on the stack the fibonacci number function takes one argument first it is tested for being 1 or 0 decomposing each of the program s key steps reflecting the stack assuming calculation of fib 4 stack 4 dup stack 4 4 dup stack 4 4 4 1 eq stack 4 4 false exch stack 4 false 4 0 eq stack 4 false false or stack 4 false not stack 4 true since the expression evaluates to true the inner procedure is evaluated stack 4 dup stack 4 4 1 sub stack 4 3 fib recursive call here stack 4 f 3 exch stack f 3 4 2 sub stack f 3 2 fib recursive call here stack f 3 f 2 add stack f 3 f 2 which is the expected result this procedure does not use named variables purely the stack named variables can be created by using the a exch def construct for example n exch def n n mul is a squaring procedure with a named variable n assuming that sq n exch def n n mul def and 3 sq is called the procedure sq is analysed in the following way stack 3 n exch stack n 3 def stack empty it has been defined n stack 3 n stack 3 3 mul stack 9 which is the expected result control and flow edit as there exist anonymous procedures flow control can arise naturally three pieces of data are required for an if then else statement a condition a procedure to be done if the condition is true and one to be done if the condition is false in postscript for example 2 3 gt 2 is greater than three 2 is not greater than three ifelse performs the near equivalent in c if 2 3 printf 2 is greater than three n else printf 2 is not greater than three n looping and other constructs are similar analysis of the language model edit the simple model provided in a stack oriented language allows expressions and programs to be interpreted simply and theoretically evaluated much faster since no syntax analysis needs to be done but lexical analysis the way such programs are written facilitates being interpreted by machines which is why postscript suits printers well for its use however the slightly artificial way of writing postscript programs can form an initial barrier to understanding stack oriented languages such as postscript while the ability to shadow by overriding inbuilt and other definitions can make programs hard to debug and irresponsible use of this feature can cause unpredictable behaviour it can simplify some functions greatly for example in postscript use the showpage operator can be overridden with a custom one that applies a certain style to the page instead of having to define a custom operator or repeat code to generate the style see also edit list of stack based programming languages reverse polish notation return oriented programming references edit luerweg t 2015 stack based programming paradigms concepts of programming languages copl 15 33 oren patashnik designing bibtex styles pdf dead link v t e programming paradigms imperative structured jackson structures block structured modular non structured procedural programming in the large and in the small design by contract invariant based nested function object oriented class based prototype based object based agent immutable object persistent uniform function call syntax declarative functional recursive anonymous function partial application higher order higher order function purely functional total strict gadts dependent types functional logic point free style expression oriented applicative concatenative function level value level monad dataflow flow based reactive functional reactive signals streams synchronous logic abductive logic answer set constraint constraint logic inductive logic nondeterministic ontology probabilistic logic query domain specific language dsl algebraic modeling array automata based action command spacecraft differentiable end user grammar oriented interface description language oriented list comprehension low code modeling natural language non english based page description pipes and filters probabilistic quantum scientific scripting set theoretic simulation stack based system tactile templating transformation graph rewriting production pattern visual concurrent parallel actor based automatic mutual exclusion choreographic programming concurrent logic concurrent constraint logic concurrent oo macroprogramming multitier programming organic computing parallel programming models partitioned global address space process oriented relativistic programming service oriented structured concurrency metaprogramming attribute oriented automatic inductive dynamic extensible generic homoiconicity interactive macro hygienic metalinguistic abstraction multi stage program synthesis bayesian by demonstration by example vibe coding reflective self modifying code symbolic template separation of concerns aspects components data driven data oriented event driven features literate roles subjects comparisons lists comparison multi paradigm object oriented functional list oo by type v t e types of programming languages level machine assembly compiled interpreted low level high level very high level esoteric generation first second third fourth fifth retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title stack oriented_programming oldid 1344653843 categories stack oriented programming languages programming paradigms hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles needing additional references from december 2009 all articles needing additional references wikipedia introduction cleanup from june 2018 all pages needing cleanup articles covered by wikiproject wikify from june 2018 all articles covered by wikiproject wikify wikipedia articles with style issues from march 2019 all articles with style issues articles with multiple maintenance issues all articles with dead external links articles with dead external links from april 2019 this page was last edited on 21 march 2026 at 19 43 ...