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staff music wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 staff positions 2 systems braces and brackets 3 grand staff 4 history 5 see also 6 notes 7 further reading 8 external links toggle the table of contents staff music 50 languages afrikaans العربية български bosanski català čeština cymraeg deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 latina lietuvių македонски മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ nederlands norsk bokmål occitan polski português română руски русский sicilianu srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina српски srpski svenska ไทย türkçe українська tiếng việt 吴语 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia musical notation to represent the pitch a typical five line staff in western musical notation the staff 1 2 uk usually stave 3 plural staves 1 also occasionally referred to as a pentagram 4 5 6 is a set of horizontal lines usually five with spaces between them that each represent a different musical pitch however in the case of a percussion staff there may be from one to five or perhaps more lines which denote different percussion instruments as may the spaces in between in guitar tab there are up to six or perhaps more lines denoting different strings appropriate music symbols depending on the intended effect are placed on the staff with the vertical position showing their pitch percussion instrument or string and the horizontal position showing their approximate location in time the absolute pitch of each line of a pitched staff is indicated by the placement of a clef symbol at the appropriate vertical position on the left hand side of the staff possibly modified by conventions for specific instruments for example the treble clef also known as the g clef is placed on the second line counting upward fixing that line as the pitch first g above middle c the lines and spaces are numbered from bottom to top the bottom line is the first line and the top line is the fifth line the musical staff is analogous to a mathematical graph of pitch with respect to time pitches of notes are given by their vertical position on the staff and notes are played from left to right unlike a graph however the number of semitones represented by a vertical step from a line to an adjacent space depends on the key and the exact timing of the beginning of each note is not directly proportional to its horizontal position rather exact timing is encoded by the musical symbol chosen for each note in addition to the tempo a time signature to the right of the clef indicates the relationship between timing counts and note symbols while bar lines group notes on the staff into measures staff positions edit staff with staff positions indicated when a staff is used for pitched instruments other than guitar tab the vertical position of the notehead on the staff indicates which note to play higher pitched notes are marked higher on the staff the notehead can be placed with its center intersecting a line on a line or in between the lines touching the lines above and below in a space notes outside the range of the staff are placed on or between ledger lines lines the width of the note they need to hold added above or below the staff which staff positions represent which notes is determined by a clef placed at the beginning of the staff the clef identifies a particular line as a specific note and all other notes are determined relative to that line for example the treble clef puts the g above middle c on the second line the interval between adjacent staff positions is one step in the diatonic scale once fixed by a clef the notes represented by the positions on the staff can be modified by the key signature or accidentals on individual notes a clefless staff may be used to represent a set of percussion sounds each line typically represents a different instrument systems braces and brackets edit musical brace musical bracket a vertical line drawn to the left of multiple staves creates a system indicating that the music on all the staves is to be played simultaneously a brace is used to join multiple staves that represent an instrument such as a piano organ harp or marimba 7 a bracket is an additional vertical line joining staves to show groupings of instruments that function as a unit such as the string section of an orchestra sometimes a second bracket is used to show instruments grouped in pairs such as the first and second oboes or first and second violins in an orchestra 8 in some cases a brace is used for this purpose 7 9 when more than one system appears on a page often two parallel diagonal strokes are placed on the left side of the score to separate them 10 four part satb vocal settings especially in hymnals use a divisi notation on a two staff system with soprano and alto voices sharing the upper staff and tenor and bass voices on the lower staff the german system often in the combined forms liniensystem or notensystem may refer to a single staff as well as to the akkolade from the french or system in the english sense the italian term is accollatura 10 11 grand staff edit the grand staff when music on two staves is joined by a brace or is intended to be played at once by a single performer usually a keyboard instrument or harp a grand staff american english or great stave british english is created dubious discuss typically the upper staff uses a treble clef and the lower staff has a bass clef in this instance middle c is centered between the two staffs and it can be written on the first ledger line below the upper staff or the first ledger line above the lower staff very rarely a centered line with a small c clef is written and usually used to indicate that b c or d on the line can be played with either hand ledger lines are not used from a center alto as this creates confusion citation needed when playing the piano or harp the upper staff is normally played with the right hand and the lower staff with the left hand in music intended for organ with pedalboard a grand staff normally comprises three staves one for each hand on the manuals and one for the feet on the pedalboard a simple grand staff each of the staves shown above has seven notes and one rest musical keyboard and treble and bass clef history edit 12th century beneventan manuscript showing diastematic neumes and a single line staff excerpt from a keyboard work by william byrd written on a six line staff 1591 early western medieval notation was written with neumes which did not specify exact pitches but only the shape of the melodies i e indicating when the musical line went up or down presumably these were intended as mnemonics for melodies which had been taught by rote during the 9th through 11th centuries a number of systems were developed to specify pitch more precisely including diastematic neumes whose height on the page corresponded with their absolute pitch level longobardian and beneventan manuscripts from italy show this technique around the year 1000 digraphic notation using letter names similar to modern note names in conjunction with the neumes made a brief appearance in a few manuscripts but a number of manuscripts used one or more horizontal lines to indicate particular pitches the treatise musica enchiriadis c 900 uses daseian notation for indicating specific pitches but the modern use of staff lines is attributed to guido d arezzo 990 1050 whose four line staff is still used though without the red and yellow coloring he recommended in gregorian chant publications today five line staves appeared in italy in the 13th century and it was promoted by ugolino da forlì staves with four five and six lines were used as late as 1600 12 see also edit tablature sight reading rastrum notes edit 1 2 staff in the collins english dictionary in british english also called stave plural staffs or staves staff in the merriam webster dictionary stave meaning in the cambridge english dictionary dictionary cambridge org retrieved 17 march 2018 antunes ines p rosa carlos almeida flávio 2024 information design and semiology a visual study on deconstructing musical notation for improving first grade children s learning in martins nuno brandão daniel eds advances in design and digital communication iv springer series in design and innovation vol 35 cham springer nature switzerland pp 639 650 doi 10 1007 978 3 031 47281 7_53 isbn 978 3 031 47281 7 dolmetsch online chart of musical symbols www dolmetsch com retrieved 2023 12 03 how to read the notes on the pentagram the art of playing 2022 04 06 retrieved 2023 12 03 1 2 irvine demar pauly reinhard g radice mark a 1999 irvine s writing about music hal leonard corporation p 213 isbn 978 1 57467 049 3 retrieved 18 october 2011 rachmaninoff sergei 1965 piano concertos nos 1 2 and 3 courier dover publications p 261 isbn 978 0 486 26350 2 retrieved 18 october 2011 strauss richard 1993 1904 eine alpensinfonie and symphonia domestica new york courier dover publications p 71 isbn 978 0 486 27725 7 retrieved 18 october 2011 1 2 rastall richard 2001 system in sadie stanley tyrrell john eds the new grove dictionary of music and musicians 2nd ed london macmillan isbn 978 1 56159 239 5 description in the german language wikipedia circular reference harvard dictionary of music 2nd edition 1972 neume staff further reading edit haines john 2008 the origins of the musical staff the musical quarterly 91 3 4 oxford university press 327 378 doi 10 1093 musqtl gdp002 jstor 20534535 external links edit dolmetsch online printable pdf files of musical staff a4 size audio graffiti free manuscript paper printable pdf files of musical staff a4 and letter size standard tab and more with or without clefs printable files of musical staff in pdf and postscript formats provided by perry roland of alderman library at the university of virginia customizable manuscript paper customizable staff paper in varying dimensions staff heights thicknesses and margins in pdf format v t e musical notation staff 8 va 15 ma abbreviation bar clef da capo dal segno key signature ledger line mode ossia scale rehearsal letter repeat sign tempo time signature transposition transposing instrument musical notes accidental flat natural sharp cue note dotted note grace note note value beam notehead stem pitch rest tacet tuplet tremolo interval helmholtz pitch notation letter notation scientific pitch notation articulation accent caesura damping dynamics fermata fingering legato marcato ornament appoggiatura glissando grace note mordent portamento slide trill portato slur staccato tenuto tie tonguing chords chord chart chord diagram figured bass lead sheet sheet music history of music publishing music engraving music publisher scorewriter other systems ancient greek braille music chinese ekphonetic eye music gamelan graphic notation klavarskribo kunkunshi mensural notation nashville number system neume numbered musical notation parsons percussion notation shakuhachi shape note simplified tablature swaralipi znamenny related music stand perfect pitch sight reading transcription list of musical symbols category musical notation retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title staff_ music oldid 1370903910 category musical notation hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata wikipedia articles incorporating the cite grove template wikipedia articles incorporating the cite grove template without a link parameter all articles lacking reliable references articles lacking reliable references from january 2025 all articles containing circular references all accuracy disputes articles with disputed statements from december 2023 all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from june 2026 pages using multiple image with auto scaled images this page was last edited on 23 august 2026 at 17 20 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers 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