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of courland and semigallia duchy of livonia swedish estonia royal prussia the state of the teutonic order german staat des deutschen ordens pronounced ˈʃtaːt dɛs ˌdɔʏtʃn̩ ˈʔɔʁdn̩s ⓘ a was a theocratic state located along the southeastern shore of the baltic sea in northern europe it was formed by the knights of the teutonic order during the early 13th century northern crusades in the region of prussia in 1237 the livonian brothers of the sword merged with the teutonic order of prussia and became known as its branch the livonian order while their state terra mariana covering present day estonia latvia and a small part of russia became part of the state of the teutonic order at its greatest territorial extent during the early 15th century the state encompassed chełmno land courland gotland livonia estonia neumark pomerelia gdańsk pomerania prussia and samogitia following the battles of grunwald in 1410 and wilkomierz in 1435 the state fell into decline after losing extensive territories in the imposed peace of thorn in 1466 the extant territory of its prussian branch became known as monastic prussia polish prusy zakonne or teutonic prussia polish prusy krzyżackie it existed until 1525 as a fiefdom of the polish crown 3 the livonian branch joined the livonian confederation and continued to exist as part of it until 1561 overview edit prussian clans 13th century established in prussia and the polish masovian chełmno land in the 13th century the state expanded mostly as a result of the 13th century prussian crusade against the pagan baltic prussians and the 14th century invasions of neighboring christian countries of poland and lithuania 4 the conquests were followed by german and polish colonization 5 in addition the livonian brothers of the sword controlling terra mariana were incorporated into the teutonic order as its autonomous branch the livonian order in 1237 6 in 1346 the duchy of estonia was sold by the king of denmark for 19 000 cologne marks to the teutonic order the shift of sovereignty from denmark to the teutonic order took place on 1 november 1346 7 at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries the teutonic order temporarily acquired the territories of gotland and neumark which however it sold in the following decades 8 throughout its history the teutonic state waged numerous wars with poland 4 and lithuania encouraging the two countries to form a close alliance and personal union which eventually led to the creation of the polish lithuanian commonwealth in the 16th century following its defeat in the battle of grunwald in 1410 the teutonic order fell into decline the region of samogitia was restored to lithuania 9 the prussian branch of the teutonic order returned pomerelia the previously polish regions of chełmno land and gdańsk pomerania and ceded the western part of prussia warmia as well as parts of pomesania and pogesania to poland after the peace of thorn in 1466 10 the territories ceded to the polish crown formed the autonomous province of royal prussia while the eastern part remained under teutonic order rule known thereafter as the monastic prussia polish prusy zakonne or teutonic prussia polish prusy krzyżackie as a feudal fief of the polish crown the monastic state of the order s main prussian branch was secularized in 1525 during the protestant reformation to become the duchy of prussia ruled by the house of hohenzollern remaining a fiefdom of the polish crown and later the polish lithuanian commonwealth 3 the livonian branch continued as part of the livonian confederation established in 1422 1435 which became a protectorate of the grand duchy of lithuania in 1559 and was finally secularised and split into the duchy of courland and semigalia as well as the duchy of livonia in 1561 both duchies being fiefs of the grand duchy of lithuania citation needed background edit poles in old prussia edit the old prussians had withstood many attempts at conquest preceding that of the teutonic knights bolesław i of poland began the series of unsuccessful conquests when he sent adalbert of prague in 997 in 1147 bolesław iv of poland attacked prussia with the aid of kievan rus but was unable to conquer it numerous other attempts followed and under duke konrad i of masovia were intensified with large battles and crusades in 1209 1219 1220 and 1222 11 the west baltic prussians successfully repelled most of the campaigns and managed to strike konrad in retaliation however the prussians and the yotvingians in the south had their territory conquered the land of the yotvingians was situated in the area of what is today the podlaskie voivodeship of poland the prussians attempted to oust polish or masovian forces from yotvingia which by now was partially conquered devastated and almost totally depopulated citation needed papal edicts edit konrad of masovia had already called a crusade against the old prussians in 1208 but it was not successful konrad acting on the advice of christian first bishop of prussia established the order of dobrzyń a small group of 15 knights the order however was soon defeated and in reaction konrad called on the pope for yet another crusade and for help from the teutonic knights as a result several edicts called for crusades against the old prussians the crusades involving many of europe s knights lasted for sixty years citation needed in 1211 andrew ii of hungary enfeoffed the teutonic knights with the burzenland in 1225 andrew ii expelled the teutonic knights from transylvania and they had to transfer to the baltic sea 12 early in 1224 emperor frederick ii announced at catania that livonia prussia with sambia and a number of neighboring provinces were under imperial immediacy this decree subordinated the provinces directly to the roman catholic church and the holy roman emperor as opposed to being under the jurisdiction of local rulers at the end of 1224 pope honorius iii announced to all christendom his appointment of bishop william of modena as the papal legate for livonia prussia and other countries citation needed as a result of the golden bull of rimini in 1226 and the papal bull of rieti of 1234 prussia came into the teutonic order s possession the knights began the prussian crusade in 1230 under their governance large areas of broadleaf forest were cleared for cultivation swamps were drained to create farmland and the population of the teutonic state increased after the crusades especially with the construction of cities it is estimated that at the beginning of the 14th century the population of the order s state was around 220 000 inhabitants composed of a mix of prussian slavic and german ethnicities 13 brickyards were built and their production bricks tiles was largely used on site often for teutonic fortifications 14 in addition mills such as wielki młyn great mill built in 1350 were constructed and in important cities such as danzig religious orders built churches and monasteries 15 cities founded edit unlike the newly founded cities between the rivers elbe and oder the cities founded by the teutonic order had a much more regular rectangular sketch of streets indicating their character as planned foundations the cities were heavily fortified accounting for the long lasting conflicts with the resistant native old prussians with armed forces under the command of the knights 16 most cities were prevailingly populated by settlers who came mainly from silesia central germany where the knights of the order came from and later from various territories in northern germany 17 the cities were usually given magdeburg law town privileges with the one exception of elbing elbląg which was founded with the support of lübeckers and thus was awarded lübeck law while the lübeckers provided the order with important logistic support with their ships they were otherwise with the exception of elbing rather uninvolved in the establishment of the monastic state 16 the hanseatic league exerted immense influence on prussia the slavic and latvian nations and even russia the trade and industry it stimulated gave rise to cities populated by poles and russians in poland most cities were founded in the 14th century at their founding german artisans and merchants were attracted by significant privileges and formed guilds and trade associations just as they had in their homeland novgorod had a distinctly german urban layout german guilds already existed in vilnius in the 15th century a large number of german artisans mostly living within regulated guild structures reside in almost every major city in russia and poland 18 history edit main article terra mariana history 13th century edit teutonic state in 1260 in 1234 the teutonic order assimilated the remaining members of the order of dobrzyń and in 1237 the order of the livonian brothers of the sword the assimilation of the livonian brothers of the sword established in livonia in 1202 increased the teutonic order s lands with the addition of the territories known today as latvia and estonia citation needed in 1243 the papal legate william of modena divided prussia into four bishoprics culm chełmno pomesania ermland warmia and samland sambia the bishoprics became suffragans to the archbishopric of riga under the mother city of visby on gotland each diocese was fiscally and administratively divided into one third reserved for the maintenance of the capitular canons and two thirds were where the order collected the dues the cathedral capitular canons of culm pomesania and samland were simultaneously members of the teutonic order since the 1280s ensuring a strong influence by the order only warmia s diocesan chapter maintained independence enabling it to establish its autonomous rule in the capitular third of warmia s diocesan territory prince bishopric of warmia citation needed 14th century edit danzig and the hansa edit the battle of płowce 1331 was a major battle of the second polish teutonic war 19th century painting by juliusz kossak at the beginning of the 14th century the duchy of pomerania a neighboring region plunged into war with poland and the margraviate of brandenburg to the west the teutonic knights seized the polish port city of gdańsk in november 1308 the order had been called by king władysław i of poland to help repel a brandenburgian invasion however the teutonic knights themselves began to occupy the city and the region the teutonic knights then carried out a massacre of the inhabitants of the city contemporary scholarship places the estimated number of victims of the massacre at approximately 1 000 19 in september 1309 margrave waldemar of brandenburg stendal sold his claim to the territory to the teutonic order for the sum of 10 000 marks in the treaty of soldin this marked the beginning of a series of conflicts between poland and the teutonic knights as the order continued incorporating territories into its domains 20 while the order promoted the prussian cities by granting them extended surrounding territory and privileges establishing courts civil and commercial law it allowed the cities less outward independence than free imperial cities enjoyed within the holy roman empire 17 21 the members of the hanseatic league did consider merchants from prussian cities as their like but also accepted the grand master 22 of the order as the sole territorial ruler representing prussia at their hanseatic diets 16 thus prussian merchants along with those from ditmarsh were the only beneficiaries of a quasi membership within the hansa although lacking the background of citizenship in a fully autonomous or free city 23 only merchants from the six prussian hanseatic cities of braunsberg braniewo culm chełmno danzig gdańsk elbing elbląg königsberg and thorn toruń were considered fully fledged members of the league while merchants from other prussian cities had a lesser status 24 the teutonic order s annexation and possession of gdańsk danzig and the surrounding region was consistently disputed by the polish kings władysław i and casimir iii the great claims that led to the polish teutonic war 1326 1332 and eventually lawsuits in the papal court in 1320 and 1333 which ruled in favor of poland however the teutonic knights did not comply and continued to occupy the annexed polish territories the teutonic knights even invaded poland further and briefly occupied the regions of kuyavia and dobrzyń land 4 a peace was concluded at kalisz in 1343 kuyavia and dobrzyń land were restored to poland and the teutonic order agreed that poland should rule pomerelia as a fief and polish kings therefore retained the right to the title duke of pomerania the title referred to the duchy of pomerelia unlike in english german latin or lithuanian the polish language uses the term pomorze for pomerania a fief of poland saxony and denmark in the high middle ages and first briefly in 1181 but since 1227 a permanent fief within the holy roman empire and pomerelia alike both duchies were earlier ruled by related dynasties thus the semantic title was duke of pomerania rather than duke of pomerelia as it was referred to in other languages citation needed second danish hanseatic war edit in the conflict between the hanse and denmark on the trade in the baltic king valdemar iv of denmark had held the hanseatic city of visby to ransom in 1361 25 however the members of the hanseatic league were undecided whether to unite against him 26 but when valdemar iv then captured prussian merchant ships in the øresund on their way to england grand master winrich of kniprode travelled to lübeck to propose a war alliance against denmark accepted with some reluctance only by the important cities forming the wendish saxon third of the hanse 27 since valdemar iv had also attacked ships of the dutch city of kampen and other destinations in the zuiderzee prussia and dutch cities such as kampen elburg and harderwijk allied themselves against denmark 27 this resulted in the hansa calling up a diet in cologne in 1367 and convening the afore mentioned non member cities including amsterdam and brielle the upshot was the founding of the cologne federation as a war alliance to counter the danish threat more cities from the lower rhine area in the west to livonia in the east joined 28 of the major players only bremen and hamburg refused to send forces but contributed financially besides prussia three more territorial partners henry ii of schauenburg and holstein rendsburg albert ii of mecklenburg and the latter s son albert of sweden joined the alliance attacking via land and sea forcing denmark to sign the treaty of stralsund in 1370 29 several danish castles and fortresses were then taken by hansa forces for fifteen years in order to secure the implementation of the peace conditions english merchant adventurers edit the invasions of the teutonic order from livonia to pskov in 1367 had caused the russians to recoup themselves on hansa merchants in novgorod which again made the order block exports of salt and her...