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main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 geography 3 geology toggle geology subsection 3 1 orogenies 4 biology 5 climate 6 see also 7 citations 8 other references 9 further reading toggle the table of contents stenian 34 languages العربية azərbaycanca беларуская brezhoneg català deutsch esperanto español فارسی français हिन्दी hrvatski magyar bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 qaraqalpaqsha 한국어 македонски bahasa melayu nederlands norsk nynorsk polski português русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english svenska ไทย türkçe українська tiếng việt 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia last period of the mesoproterozoic era stenian 1200 1000 ma pha proterozoic archean had a map of proto rodinia on 1040 mya showing a possible reconstruction of the time chronology 1220 1200 1180 1160 1140 1120 1100 1080 1060 1040 1020 1000 980 mesoproterozoic np ectasian stenian tonian first appearance of bangiomorpha pubescens 1 large scale mountain building from continent continent collision of the grenvillian orogeny 2 development of the north american midcontinent rift 3 events of the stenian period vertical axis scale millions of years ago etymology name formality formal usage information celestial body earth regional usage global ics time scale s used ics time scale definition chronological unit period stratigraphic unit system time span formality formal lower boundary definition defined chronometrically lower gssa ratified 1990 4 upper boundary definition defined chronometrically upper gssa ratified 1990 4 the stenian period ˈ s t iː n i ə n stee nee ən from ancient greek στενός romanized stenós meaning narrow is the final geologic period in the mesoproterozoic era and lasted from 1200 mya to 1000 mya million years ago instead of being based on stratigraphy these dates are defined chronometrically due to the scarcity of precambrian fossils and lack of reliable zonation it is preceded by the ectasian period and followed by the neoproterozoic era and the tonian period the supercontinent rodinia finished assembly during the stenian having started during the ectasian it would last into the tonian period before breaking up in the cryogenian rodinia was surrounded by the mirovian ocean during this time this closed many seas that formed from the breakup of columbia 5 history edit before the stenian was defined as a period in 1991 the riphean age was defined from 1600 to 600 mya primarily used in russia and textbooks across the world 6 the stenian period was created in 1991 by k a plumb as part of the new precambrian time scale defined as 1200 to 1000 mya 7 the name stenian comes from ancient greek στενός romanized stenós meaning narrow and referring to the narrow polymetamorphic belts in this period 8 geography edit most reconstructions of rodinia have laurentia placed in the center of rodinia being surrounded by other cratons 9 laurentia itself was surrounded in the majority of interpretations by the east european craton in the southeast amazonia in the south the río de la plata craton and possibly the kalahari craton and congo craton in the southeast india and possibly east antarctic shield in the northeast and the australian cratons in the north siberia north and south china cratons vary significantly in position depending on the reconstruction 10 11 12 rodinia itself was surrounded by the superocean mirovia 5 geology edit this period includes the formation of the keweenawan rift the deepest failed rift on earth at about 1100 mya in which the rocks of the keweenawan supergroup are preserved 13 14 elsewhere the musgrave orogeny happened from 1 22 to 1 12 billion years ago forming the musgrave block with the warakurna large igneous province forming at 1076 6 million years ago 15 from 1 7 gya to 1 1 gya there is a lack of paleosols this also occurred from the end of the period onward to 0 7 gya 16 the seafloor was primarily non oxic with 25 oxic and recurring euxinic episodes 17 orogenies edit the extent of the grenville orogeny the grenville orogeny mainly took place in this period spanning from 1250 to 980 mya with the elzerian orogeny ending in this period the shawingian and ottawan orogenies taking place entirely in the stenian and the rigolet orogeny starting at 1010 mya 8 outside of north america and australia the kibaran orogeny the dalslandian orogeny and the sunsás orogeny also took effect around this time all of these orogenies helped form and stabilize the supercontinent rodinia 18 19 20 the torridonian supergroup was primarily formed along scotland in this period onwards being constrained to at most 1100 mya 21 22 the nonesuch shale was also formed around 1 1 gya and spans from michigan to iowa 23 biology edit bangiomorpha pubescens the first known sexually reproducing organism fossils of the oldest known sexually reproducing organism bangiomorpha pubescens first appeared in the stenian at the hunting formation in somerset island around 1 047 bya 24 1 15 25 the first known preserved case of multicellularity in green algae also originates from this period specifically proterocladus antiquus known from roughly 1 billion years ago 26 acritarchs became more abundant and spiny around this time suggesting an increased rate in eukaryvory which forced an evolutionary response 15 stromatolites peaked in diversity in this period and swiftly declined in numbers at the end of the period around 1 billion years ago 27 28 eukaryotes seem to have dominated non marine habitats by 1 ga 29 climate edit the sun produced 5 18 less output during the proterozoic with the stenian s output being in the middle of the range 30 the co 2 levels were no more than 10x pre industrial levels during this time with a reasonable methogenic flux of 10 20x current levels 30 the oxygen level during the stenian was still low compared to today being around 0 5 to 5 present atmospheric levels 17 31 there were no major glaciation events and the length of day was approximately 18 94 0 39 h 32 see also edit boring billion earth history 1 8 to 0 8 billion years ago riphean age stage in the geological timescale named after the urals grenville orogeny mesoproterozoic mountain building event citations edit 1 2 gibson timothy m shih patrick m cumming vivien m fischer woodward w crockford peter w hodgskiss malcolm s w wörndle sarah creaser robert a rainbird robert h skulski thomas m halverson galen p february 2018 precise age of bangiomorpha pubescens dates the origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis geology 46 2 135 138 doi 10 1130 g39829 1 eissn 1943 2682 issn 0091 7613 mclelland james m selleck bruce w bickford m e 2010 review of the proterozoic evolution of the grenville province its adirondack outlier and the mesoproterozoic inliers of the appalachians in tollo richard p bartholomew mervin j hibbard james p karabinos paul m eds from rodinia to pangea the lithotectonic record of the appalachian region doi 10 1130 2010 1206 02 isbn 978 0 8137 1206 2 lccn 2010003691 swanson hysell nicholas l ramezani jahandar fairchild luke m rose ian r may 2019 failed rifting and fast drifting midcontinent rift development laurentia s rapid motion and the driver of grenvillian orogenesis gsa bulletin 131 5 6 913 940 doi 10 1130 b31944 1 eissn 1943 2674 issn 0016 7606 1 2 plumb kenneth a june 1991 new precambrian time scale episodes 14 2 139 140 doi 10 18814 epiiugs 1991 v14i2 005 eissn 2586 1298 issn 0705 3797 lccn 78646808 oclc 4130038 s2cid 126954461 1 2 martin e l spencer c j collins w j thomas r j macey p h roberts n m w 2020 12 01 the core of rodinia formed by the juxtaposition of opposed retreating and advancing accretionary orogens earth science reviews 211 103413 bibcode 2020esrv 21103413m doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2020 103413 issn 0012 8252 paulamäki seppo kuivamäki aimo may 2006 depositional history and tectonic regimeswithin and in the margins of the fennoscandian shield during the last 1300 million years pdf archived from the original pdf on 2018 02 27 retrieved 2026 03 24 plumb k a 1991 06 01 new precambrian time scale episodes journal of international geoscience 14 2 139 140 doi 10 18814 epiiugs 1991 v14i2 005 1 2 tollo richard p 2004 01 01 proterozoic tectonic evolution of the grenville orogen in north america geological society of america isbn 978 0 8137 1197 3 li z x bogdanova svetlana v january 2008 assembly configuration and break up history of rodinia a synthesis researchgate retrieved march 26 2026 for a comparison of the sweat auswus ausmex and missing link reconstructions see li et al 2008 fig 2 p 182 for a comparison between the consensus rodinia of li et al 2008 and the original proposal of mcmenamin mcmenamin 1990 see nance murphy santosh 2014 fig 11 p 9 examples of reconstructions can be found in stanley 1999 pp 336 337 weil et al 1998 fig 6 p 21 torsvik 2003 fig rodinia old and new p 1380 dalziel 1997 fig 11 p 31 scotese 2009 fig 1 p 69 wang chong peng peng wang xinping yang shuyan october 2016 nature of three proterozoic 1680 ma 1230 ma and 775 ma mafic dyke swarms in north china implications for tectonic evolution and paleogeographic reconstruction precambrian research 285 109 126 bibcode 2016prer 285 109w doi 10 1016 j precamres 2016 09 015 retrieved 17 december 2022 reeves t k carroll herbert b april 1999 geologic analysis of priority basins for exploration and drilling retrieved march 25 2026 organic geochemical study of mineralization in the keweenawan nonesuch formation at white pine michigan pdf university of michigan retrieved 28 september 2011 1 2 3 r manjunath july 3 2021 timelines of nearly everything india manjunath r p 167 planavsky noah j tarhan lidya g bellefroid eric j evans david a d reinhard christopher t love gordon d lyons timothy w 1 may 2016 late proterozoic transitions in climate oxygen and tectonics and the rise of complex life pdf retrieved 24 march 2026 1 2 yan hao qin zheng xu lingang mao jingwen tang dongjie huang qin yang xiuqing li zhiquan li jie li long robbins leslie j kendall brian canfield donald e konhauser kurt o 2025 11 26 an expansive global oxygenation of earth s surface environments 1 4 billion years ago nature communications 16 1 10535 bibcode 2025natco 1610535y doi 10 1038 s41467 025 65551 z issn 2041 1723 pmc 12658094 pmid 41298364 tack l wingate m t d de waele b meert j belousova e griffin b tahon a fernandez alonso m 2010 06 01 the 1375 ma kibaran event in central africa prominent emplacement of bimodal magmatism under extensional regime precambrian research 180 1 63 84 bibcode 2010prer 180 63t doi 10 1016 j precamres 2010 02 022 issn 0301 9268 santos j o s rizzotto g j potter p e mcnaughton n j matos r s hartmann l a chemale f quadros m e s 2008 09 20 age and autochthonous evolution of the sunsás orogen in west amazon craton based on mapping and u pb geochronology precambrian research 165 3 120 152 bibcode 2008prer 165 120s doi 10 1016 j precamres 2008 06 009 issn 0301 9268 slagstad trond roberts nick m w marker mogens røhr torkil s schiellerup henrik 2012 09 03 a non collisional accretionary sveconorwegian orogen terra nova 25 1 30 37 doi 10 1111 ter 12001 issn 0954 4879 archived from the original on 2023 08 02 trewin n h 2003 02 24 the geology of scotland 4th edition geological society of london isbn 978 1 86239 126 0 lyell collection lyell collection retrieved 2026 03 24 albert b dickas midcontinent rift system 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