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Text of the page (random words):
tes and thus were forced to pay to reset the type for a third time just four months later when they finally stereotyped the book 2 677 while stereotypes were useful in book publishing it was in newspaper publishing that they came into their own books were normally printed not as single pages but as sets of multiple pages at a time thus a single volume 320 page book needed 40 stereos for an eight page imposition or twenty stereos for a 16 page imposition this contrasts with newspapers where a sunday edition of a major newspaper could require as many as 6 000 stereos 3 87 note 1 advantages of stereotypes edit stereotype offered the following advantages they allowed the printer to immediately break down and redistribute the expensive original type thus reducing the amount of set up original type the printer needed to keep on hand 2 599 in some cases contracts with publishers required printers to keep type set up for anything up to six months in case further editions were needed note 2 facilitated the distribution of the set up type to other printers as stereos were far lighter and less fragile than formes full of type this was particularly important for syndicated news services facilitated the storage of set up type stereos were far lighter and more compact than formes full of type this meant that the printer could practically store them rather than having to set up the work again in 1910 for example hodder and stoughton republished g a henty s friends though divided a tale of the civil war printing the book except for the preliminary pages from the stereotypes used for the initial 1883 edition by griffith and farran 5 78 the same stereos were used for reprinting in 1917 and in the 1920s 5 80 when they sold a copyright to another publisher publishers often sold the stereotypes as well stereo plates could be stored for several decades a large number of such stored stereotypes were melted down in 1916 in the uk in support of the war effort 6 16 5 105 enabled the printer to quickly set up multiples of the same text so that they could print a given text e g for a handbill several times on the same sheet of paper and then separate them this was faster and cheaper than doing them individually enabled the same text to be printed on multiple presses at the same time dalgin gives the example of one instance where thirty stereos were produced from a single flong for this purpose and states that there is no reason why more could not have been cast 3 86 invention edit english sources often describe the process as having been invented in 1725 by william ged who apparently stereotyped plates for the bible at cambridge university before abandoning the business 7 however count canstein had been publishing stereotyped bibles in germany since 1712 and an earlier form of stereotyping from flong was described in germany in 1702 it is even possible that the process was used as early as the fifteenth century by johannes gutenberg or his heirs for the mainz catholicon wide application of the technique with improvements is attributed to charles stanhope in the early 1800s printing plates for the bible were stereotyped in the us in 1814 8 45 49 moulding materials edit the following have been used for moulding type to create stereos clay invented by a french printer gabriel valleyre in 1730 he pressed the set up forme in clay or other earthy substance to make a reverse image and then poured molten copper into the mould his copies were not very good due either to the clay he was using or the softness of the copper 9 20 however the method was later revived improved and used by government printing office in washington d c 10 46 hoe company included a range of plant for use with the process in their 1881 catalogue 11 plaster of paris gress was already describing this as an old method that had been displaced by the papier mâché or paper process in 1909 12 25 the plaster process can reproduce finer lines than the paper process but has the disadvantage that the mould is broken to remove the stereo 13 26 this was the process developed by ged in 1725 where a plaster mould is made of the set up type 9 18 the process was perfected in 1802 but because there were relatively few books that needed repeated print runs other than bibles or schoolbooks the process did not come into widespread use for another two decades 14 262 the bank of england printed its notes using stereos from plaster moulds in 1816 15 241 lord stanhope had invested a considerable sum of money in developing the process and he then established and funded a stereotyping plant in london 10 63 however it was not a commercial success and faced considerable opposition from the printing trade 10 65 66 david noted that it was only with the introduction of the flexible and robust papier mâché flong in the 1850 that led to the extensive use of stereotyping for book production papier mâché or paper or wet process in this process a number of layers of paper fastened together by a paste made from a range of ingredients including glue or gum the paste could be to the stereotyper s own recipe or a proprietary paste 12 29 partridge describes the process as a few sheets of thin paper are soaked in water until soft and then pasted together to form a flong this flong is beaten into a page of type and dried thus forming a matrix to receive the molten metal which when cooled becomes an exact duplicate of the type page a large number of duplicate casts may be made from the same matrix either in flat form as required for flat bed presses or curved to fit the cylinders of rotary presses 16 17 gress notes that when first introduced the times only made papier mâché flongs of individual columns but that charles craske of the new york tribune developed the method to make flongs of entire pages 12 200 dry mat or dry matrix process here there is no need to beat the matrix into the page of type but simple pressure is enough the pressures needed are quite high 17 33 and effectively require a hydraulic press by 1946 the dry mat process had completely taken over in newspaper publishing in the united states 3 72 the process for making moulds for electrotypes was similar except that these were made with soft materials such as beeswax or the naturally occurring mineral wax ozokerite 18 34 the thin electrotype shells had to be backed with type metal to a depth of 8mm to make them robust enough for use 18 54 making the stereotypes edit after moulding the stereotype it is carefully removed from the mould if locking the flong into a moulding box the box was pivoted so that the flong was in the vertical plane and liquid type metal was poured into the mould for newspapers these moulds were cylindrical in shape this quickly cooled and the mould was opened to remove the stereo the stereo might be cooled further the back of the stereo was then shaved to reduce it to the required thickness for the press the stereo was also trimmed and had the edges bevelled to enable the stereo to be clamped into place the stereos were then clamped into place on the printing cylinder and the print run began type metal is an alloy of lead tin and antimony lead on its own makes type too soft to be of use tin was added to lead to make it harder but the results were unsatisfactory it was found that adding both tin and antimony led to type that was hard and therefore resistant to wear and distortion resulting in sharp reproductions the lowest solidification point for a liquid lead antimony and tin alloy occurs when the antimony content is twelve percent known as the eutectic alloy 19 14 note 3 keeping the antimony content close to twelve percent ensured the lowest possible melting point important for slug casting machines which melted an alloy ingot for casting the slugs low melting point is also important for the metal used for stereos as very high temperatures would damage the flongs the type metal used for stereos was slightly different from the type metal used for foundry type slug casting machines like the linotype machine individual letter casting machines as in the monotype machine or the metal used for backing electrotypes while increasing the antimony content increases hardness the tin content must be increased in proportion to achieve this fry s offered the following guide to type metal for different uses 19 composition of type metal alloys for different uses intended use of the type metal tin antimony lead notes backing for electrotypes 2 4 2 4 92 96 19 52 note 4 slug casting machines such as the linotype 3 5 4 11 5 12 84 85 19 33 note 5 stereotype plates 5 10 15 75 80 19 44 type casting machines such as the monotype 6 13 15 19 68 81 19 37 foundry type metal for manual type casting 13 22 20 28 50 67 19 42 the golden rule for stereotyping was to have cool metal and a hot box to avoid problems with shrinkage cavities or sinks sometimes a casting board was used to slow the cooling at the back of the casting as this could help to avoid problems due to the flong being a poor conductor 19 48 49 scale of stereotyping edit in 1946 dalgin stated that the new york times had one hundred slug casting machines they consumed eight tons of type metal a night however the stereotype department was casting seven times as much metal with a consumption of 45 tons of type metal every night and 150 tons on saturday for the large sunday edition they cast as many as 6 000 plates for the sunday edition 3 87 not only that but the time limit for composition to press printing time was short the last pages typically the front page and pages with stories running on from the front page were locked up in their formes and then the team had fifteen minutes to mould the matrices cast shave trim cool the stereos and place them on the presses 3 90 kjaer reported that the time from delivery of a forme to the stereotype foundry to onward delivery of a plate to the press room had fallen from eight minutes in 1916 to four minutes in 1926 15 6 newspaper syndication and stereotypes edit initially syndicated news took the form of distributing printed sheets in december 1841 the owner of the sun had the then us president s address to congress couriered to him he then printed it on a single sheet and sold the sheets to newspapers in the surrounding regions keeping the body but changing the title head to suit the newspapers the next effort was to have sheets printed with the president s address on one side and local news on the other 10 318 note 6 however matters improved with improvements in stereotyping and the table summarised kubel s relation of the growth of stereotyping for syndication 10 324 period method of distribution of syndicated materials up to 1850 via printed sheets with either one or both sides printed 1850 1883 via printed sheets and stereotype plates from 1883 largely via stereotype plates from 1895 flongs began to replace plates by 1941 flongs had almost completely replaced plates the flongs distributed were not just syndicated articles or comic strips but also advertisements this had a huge advantage in that newspapers avoided the costs of setting these up in type in some cases flongs were distributed with sections that could be cut out where a local store name could be inserted so that an illustrated advertisement for a particular product could include the name of the local dealer 21 newspapers combined a set of flongs to cast the stereotype plate for a page in some cases news printers would produce a flong cast a plate from that flong combine that plate with other elements to make a page or a spread and produce a second generation flong of the whole page and the cast a plate from that flong end of the process edit stereotyping was first challenged by electrotyping which was more expensive and time consuming but was capable of higher quality printing it was initially reserved for making copper facsimiles of illustrations with time weedon states that in book publishing it became more important than stereotyping 6 73 however kubler stated in 1941 that in contrast to the united states which made greater use of electrotyping european plants used stereotype plates of 75 of all letterpress reproduction work and that the best stereotype work was equal to the best electrotype work note 7 however stereotyping retained its primacy in newspaper publishing kubler states that alternatives to stereotyping either involved significant additional capital costs or were unsuited for newspapers as they did not allow corrections and the insertion of late news and local materials or were both expensive and unsuitable note 8 note 9 the first computer aided typeset book in the uk was dylan thomas collected poems in 1966 but the process really took off in the 1970s creating enormous disruption in the newspaper industry 22 the introduction of offset printing meant that hot metal type was no longer needed and phototypesetting replaced the hot metal type machines this meant that there was no longer a need for stereotypes the phototypesetting machines were replaced in their turn by the personal computer and desktop publishing kubler s firm that made dry mats dissolved on 13 august 1979 23 etymologies edit a copyright notice for a book from 1870 using the term stereotyped in its original sense over time stereotype became a metaphor for any set of ideas repeated identically or with only minor changes in fact cliché and stereotype were both originally printers words and in their printing senses became synonymous however cliché originally had a slightly different meaning being an onomatopoeic word for the sound that was made during the process of striking a block into molten type metal 1 cliché during another form of stereotyping later called in english dabbing 24 the term stereotype derives from greek στερεός stereós solid firm 25 and τύπος túpos blow impression engraved mark 26 and in its modern sense was coined in 1798 writings on stereotyping edit george adolf kubler 1876 9 january 1944 27 note 10 was probably the person who wrote most about the process he was the founder and president of certified dry mat corporation note 11 the firm made stereotype matrices or flong mats which were used to first take a mould from the set up type and then to cast the stereotype plates his writing included a short history of stereotyping 1927 9 kubler printed 6 000 copies of this short book 93 p 11 leaves of plates 24 cm and distributed it mostly to professional stereotypers with other copies being sent only if specially requested to journalism and trade schools public libraries and printing craft clubs worldwide 10 ix it is available online at the hathitrust historical treatises abstracts and papers on stereotyping 1936 31 slightly longer vii 169 p ill 8º than his first book again dealing with the early history of stereotyping wet mat stereotyping in germany in 1690 1937 32 this was a short pamphlet 6 p on wet matrix stereotyping as opposed to the dry matrix approach which kubler s company promoted the era of c...