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sublunary sphere wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 evolution of concept 2 literary offshoots 3 see also 4 references 5 further reading 6 external links toggle the table of contents sublunary sphere 13 languages afrikaans العربية беларуская čeština español فارسی italiano norsk bokmål português русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски svenska українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia region in the geocentric cosmos below the moon this article needs more complete citations for verification please help add missing citation information so that sources are clearly identifiable january 2025 learn how and when to remove this message simplified outline of the sublunary sphere in aristotelian physics and greek astronomy the sublunary sphere is the region of the geocentric cosmos below the moon consisting of the four classical elements earth water air and fire 1 2 the sublunary sphere was the realm of changing nature beginning with the moon up to the limits of the universe everything to classical astronomy was permanent regular and unchanging the region of aether where the planets and stars are located only in the sublunary sphere did the powers of physics hold sway 3 evolution of concept edit the seven heavens and the sublunar spheres from an engraving of albertus magnus philosophia naturalis plato and aristotle helped to formulate the original theory of a sublunary sphere in antiquity 4 missing long citation the idea usually going hand in hand with geocentrism and the concept of a spherical earth avicenna carried forward into the middle ages the aristotelian idea of generation and corruption being limited to the sublunary sphere 5 medieval scholastics like thomas aquinas who charted the division between celestial and sublunary spheres in his work summa theologica also drew on cicero and lucan for an awareness of the great frontier between nature and sky sublunary and aetheric spheres 6 the result for medieval renaissance mentalities was a pervasive awareness of the existence at the moon of what c s lewis called this great divide from aether to air from heaven to nature from the realm of gods or angels to that of daemons from the realm of necessity to that of contingence from the incorruptible to the corruptible citation needed however the theories of copernicus began to challenge the sublunary aether distinction in their wake tycho brahe s observations of a new star nova and of comets in the supposedly unchanging heavens further undermined the aristotelian view 7 thomas kuhn saw scientists new ability to see change in the incorruptible heavens as a classic example of the new possibilities opened up by a paradigm shift 8 literary offshoots edit dante envisaged mt purgatory as being so high that it reached above the sublunary sphere so that these slopes are free from every natural change 9 samuel johnson praised shakespeare s plays as exhibiting the real state of sublunary nature which partakes of good and evil joy and sorrow intermingled 10 see also edit celestial spheres firmament sphere of fire unmoved mover references edit aristotle ethics 1974 p 357 58 stephen toulmin night sky at rhodes 1963 p 38 and p 78 c c gillespie the edge of objectivity 1960 p 14 gillespie pp 13 15 j j e garcia individuation in scholasticism 1994 p 41 w hooper c s lewis 1996 pp 529 531 r curley scientists and inventors of the renaissance 2012 pp 6 8 thomas s kuhn the structure of scientific revolutions 1970 pp 116 17 dante purgatory 1971 p 235 samuel johnson selected writings penguin p 266 further reading edit j barnes aristotle 1982 m a orr dante and the medieval astronomers 1956 thomas kuhn the copernican revolution 1957 external links edit the geocentric or ptolemaic notion of the universe v t e ancient greek astronomy astronomers aglaonice agrippa anaximander andronicus apollonius aratus aristarchus aristyllus attalus autolycus bion callippus cleomedes cleostratus conon eratosthenes euctemon eudoxus geminus heraclides hicetas hipparchus hippocrates of chios hypsicles menelaus meton oenopides philip of opus philolaus posidonius ptolemy pytheas seleucus sosigenes of alexandria sosigenes the peripatetic strabo thales theodosius theon of alexandria theon of smyrna timocharis treatises extant almagest ptolemy analemma ptolemy commentary on the phenomena hipparchus diosemeia aratus handy tables ptolemy hypotosis proclus introduction to the phenomena geminus on risings and settings autolycus on ascensions hypsicles on days and nights theodosius on habitations theodosius on the circular motions of the celestial bodies cleomedes on the heavens aristotle on the sizes and distances aristarchus on mathematics useful for the understanding of plato theon of smyrna on the moving sphere autolycus phaenomena euclid phenomena aratus planisphaerium ptolemy planetary hypothesis ptolemy risings of the fixed stars ptolemy spherics menelaus spherics theodosius the sand reckoner archimedes fragmentary catasterismi eratosthenes commentary on the almagest pappus commentary on the almagest theon of alexandria great commentary on the handy tables theon of alexandria history of astronomy eudemus little commentary on the handy tables theon of alexandria meteoroscope ptolemy on the measurement of the earth eratosthenes on nature anaximander on nature philolaus on sizes and distances hipparchus star catalogue hipparchus untitled work on heliocentrism aristarchus lost analemma diodorus astronomia hesiod description of the heavens democritus commentary on aratus theon of alexandria commentary on the analemma of diodorus pappus disappearances of the sun eudoxus eneptron eudoxus on fixed stars anaximander on speeds eudoxus on the displacement of the solstitial and equinoctial points hipparchus on the eight year lunisolar venus cycle eudoxus on the equinox thales on the great year democritus on the length of the year hipparchus on the solstice thales on the sphere achilles tatius nautical star guide thales phaenomena eudoxus planispheres democritus rotation of the earth anaximander treatise on the astrolabe theon of alexandria compilations little astronomy instruments antikythera mechanism armillary sphere astrolabe dioptra equatorial ring gnomon mural instrument triquetrum concepts callippic cycle celestial spheres circle of latitude counter earth deferent and epicycle equant geocentrism heliocentrism hipparchic cycle inferior and superior planets metonic cycle octaeteris solstice spherical earth sublunary sphere zodiac influences babylonian astronomy egyptian astronomy influenced medieval european science indian astronomy medieval islamic astronomy v t e aristotelianism overview aristotle corpus transmitted works lyceum ideas and interests logic apodicticity category of being future contingents genus differentia irrelevant conclusion syllogism physics accident active intellect antiperistasis essence eternity of the world four causes hexis horror vacui hylomorphism hypokeimenon minima naturalia ousia passive intellect potentiality and actuality substance theory substantial form sublunary sphere theory of universals unmoved mover biology rational animal ethics akrasia arete eudaimonia eutrapelia golden mean magnanimity nemesis philia phronesis pleonexia practical syllogism politics mixed government natural slavery rhetoric lexis paradeigma poetics anagnorisis catharsis classical unities diegesis hamartia mimesis mythos opsis peripeteia telos tragic hero economics chrematistics corpus aristotelicum organon categories on interpretation prior analytics posterior analytics topics sophistical refutations physics physics on the heavens on generation and corruption meteorology on the soul on animals history parts movement progression generation metaphysics metaphysics ethics and politics nicomachean ethics eudemian ethics politics constitution of the athenians rhetoric and poetics rhetoric poetics parva naturalia sense and sensibilia on memory on sleep on dreams on divination in sleep on length and shortness of life on youth old age life and death and respiration lost protrepticus pseudepigrapha on breath on colors on plants on indivisible lines on melissus xenophanes and gorgias on the universe on things heard physiognomonics on marvellous things heard mechanics problems the situations and names of winds on virtues and vices economics rhetoric to alexander magna moralia followers peripatetic school aristoxenus clearchus of soli dicaearchus eudemus of rhodes theophrastus strato of lampsacus lyco of troas aristo of ceos critolaus diodorus of tyre erymneus andronicus of rhodes islamic golden age al kindi al farabi avicenna avicennism averroes averroism jewish maimonides scholasticism peter lombard albertus magnus thomas aquinas thomism duns scotus scotism peter of spain jacopo zabarella pietro pomponazzi cesar cremonini modern newman trendelenburg brentano adler foot macintyre smith rothbard hursthouse nussbaum related topics commentaries on aristotle conimbricenses mathematical realism metabasis paradox transmission of the greek classics views on women virtue ethics wheel paradox category philosophy portal retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title sublunary_sphere oldid 1340260396 categories ancient greek astronomy obsolete theories in physics hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles with incomplete citations from january 2025 all articles with incomplete citations all pages needing cleanup all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from january 2025 this page was last edited on 24 february 2026 at 19 32 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents sublunary sphere 13 languages add topic