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Text of the page (random words):
ightenment republicanism liberalism conflict over representation sugar act currency act quartering acts stamp act 1765 no taxation without representation sons of liberty stamp act congress declaration of rights and grievances declaratory act townshend acts virginia association tea act boston massacre boston tea party intolerable acts suffolk resolves worcester revolt committees of correspondence first continental congress continental association revolutionary war continental army continental navy minutemen british army british royal navy france spain hessians loyalists indigenous peoples battles diplomacy intelligence treaty of paris financial costs political and social developments loyalists patriots role of women role of african americans indigenous peoples second continental congress 27 colonial grievances olive branch petition lee resolution declaration of independence drafting signing forming a republic confederation period articles of confederation perpetual union congress of the confederation northwest ordinance dissent and rebellions newburgh conspiracy pennsylvania mutiny of 1783 shays rebellion paper money riot constitution annapolis convention philadelphia convention the federalist papers anti federalist papers raftification bill of rights legacy united states atlantic revolutions american nationalism american civil religion bicentennial prospect hill flag debate united states portal v t e the sugar act 1764 or sugar act 1763 4 geo 3 c 15 also known as the american revenue act 1764 or the american duties act was a revenue raising act passed by the parliament of great britain on 5 april 1764 1 the preamble to the act stated it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this kingdom and it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised for defraying the expenses of defending protecting and securing the same 2 the earlier molasses act 1733 6 geo 2 c 13 which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon of molasses had never been effectively collected due to colonial evasion by reducing the rate by half and increasing measures to enforce the tax parliament hoped that the tax would actually be collected 3 these incidents increased the colonists concerns about the intent of the british parliament and helped the growing movement that became the american revolution 4 background the molasses act 1733 6 geo 2 c 13 was passed by parliament largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the british west indies molasses from french dutch and spanish west indian possessions was inexpensive producers of sugar from the british west indies priced sugar much higher than their competitors and they had no need for the large quantities of lumber fish and other items offered by the colonies in exchange sometimes colonists would pay molasses act taxes because they were rather low depending on where they resided and how much money they had in the first part of the 18th century the british west indies were great britain s most important trading partner so parliament was attentive to their requests however rather than acceding to their demands to prohibit the colonies from trading with the non british islands parliament passed a prohibitively high tax on the colonies on molasses imported from those islands if actually collected the tax would have effectively closed that source to new england and destroyed much of the rum industry instead smuggling bribery or intimidation of customs officials effectively nullified the law 5 during the seven years war known in colonial america as the french and indian war the british government substantially increased the national debt to pay for the war in february 1763 as the war ended the ministry headed by john stuart the earl of bute decided to maintain a standing army of ten thousand british regular troops in the colonies shortly thereafter george grenville replaced bute grenville supported his predecessor s policy even more so after the outbreak of pontiac s war in may 1763 grenville faced the problem of not only paying for these troops but servicing the national debt the debt grew from 75 000 000 before the war to 122 600 000 in january 1763 and almost 130 000 000 by the beginning of 1764 6 george grenville did not expect the colonies to contribute to the interest or the retirement of the debt but he did expect the americans to pay a portion of the expenses for colonial defense estimating the expenses of maintaining an army in the continental colonies and the west indies to be approximately 200 000 annually grenville devised a revenue raising program that would raise an estimated 79 000 per year 7 passage the molasses act 1733 6 geo 2 c 13 was set to expire in 1763 the commissioners of customs anticipated greater demand for both molasses and rum as a result of the end of the war and the acquisition of canada they believed that the increased demand would make a sharply reduced rate both affordable and collectible when passed by parliament the new sugar act 1764 halved the previous tax on molasses in addition to promising stricter enforcement the language of the bill made it clear that the purpose of the legislation was not to simply regulate the trade as the molasses act had attempted to do by effectively closing the legal trade to non british suppliers but to raise revenue 3 the new act listed specific goods the most important being lumber which could only be exported to britain ship captains were required to maintain detailed manifests of their cargo and the papers were subject to verification before anything could be unloaded from the ships customs officials were empowered to have all violations tried in vice admiralty courts rather than by jury trials in local colonial courts where the juries generally looked favourably on smuggling as a profession 8 american historian fred anderson wrote that the purpose of the act was to resolve the problems of finance and control that plagued the postwar empire to do this three kinds of measures were implemented those intended to make customs enforcement more effective those that placed new duties on items widely consumed in america and those that adjusted old rates in such a way as to maximize revenues 9 effect on the american colonies the act was passed by parliament on 5 april 1764 1 and it arrived in the colonies at a time of economic depression a good part of the reason was that a significant portion of the colonial economy during the seven years war was involved with supplying food and supplies to the british army colonials however especially those affected directly as merchants and shippers assumed that the highly visible new tax program was the major culprit as protests against the sugar act developed it was the economic impact rather than the constitutional issue of taxation without representation that was the main focus for the colonists 10 new england ports especially suffered economic losses from the sugar act as the stricter enforcement made smuggling molasses more dangerous and risky also they argued that the profit margin on rum was too small to support any tax on molasses forced to increase their prices many colonists feared being priced out of the market the british west indies on the other hand now had unrestricted exports with supply of molasses well exceeding demand the islands prospered with their reduced expenses while new england ports saw revenue from their rum exports decrease additionally the west indies had been the primary colonial source for hard currency or specie and as the reserves of specie were depleted the soundness of colonial currency was threatened 11 two prime movers behind the protests against the sugar act were samuel adams and james otis both of massachusetts in may 1764 samuel adams drafted a report on the sugar act for the massachusetts assembly in which he denounced the act as an infringement of the rights of the colonists as british subjects for if our trade may be taxed why not our lands why not the produce of our lands every thing we possess or make use of this we apprehend annihilates our charter right to govern tax ourselves it strikes our british privileges which as we have never forfeited them we hold in common with our fellow subjects who are natives of britain if taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal representation where they are laid are we not reduced from the character of free subjects to the miserable state of tributary slaves 12 in august 1764 fifty boston merchants agreed to stop purchasing british luxury imports and in both boston and new york city there were movements to increase colonial manufacturing there were sporadic outbreaks of violence most notably in rhode island 13 overall however there was not an immediate high level of protest over the sugar act in either new england or the rest of the colonies that would begin in the later part of the next year when the stamp act 1765 5 geo 3 c 12 was passed 14 the act was replaced with the revenue act 1766 6 geo 3 c 52 which reduced the tax to one penny per gallon on molasses imports british or foreign this occurred around the same time that the stamp act 1765 was repealed 15 the whole act was repealed by section 1 of and the schedule to the statute law revision act 1867 30 31 vict c 59 which came into force on 15 july 1867 16 see also american revolutionary war prelude to revolution for the context of the sugar act among other post 1763 revenue bills soda tax for modern excises on sugar products and sugary soft drinks notes section 1 references 1 2 the sugar act titled the american revenue act 1764 ushistory org independence hall association retrieved 23 september 2008 miller p 101 1 2 miller pp 100 101 daniella garran 19 july 2010 steps to the american revolution lesson planet retrieved 21 july 2010 miller pp 96 99 gary nash p 45 middlekauff pp 55 63 middlekauff p 62 middlekauff p 65 anderson p 574 middlekauff p 66 67 miller p 101 miller wrote the legislation was declared to have caused greater alarm in new england than the forays of the french and indians during the darkest days of the seven years war miller p 101 102 draper p 219 alexander p 24 middlekauff p 67 73 miller pp 149 150 draper p 290 291 bill 194 statute law revision h l parliamentary papers vol 6 6 june 1867 bibliography english wikisource has original text related to this article sugar act alexander john k samuel adams america s revolutionary politician 2002 isbn 0 7425 2114 1 anderson fred crucible of war 2000 isbn 0 375 40642 5 draper theodore a struggle for power the american revolution 1996 isbn 0 8129 2575 0 middlekauff robert the glorious cause the american revolution 1763 1789 2005 isbn 978 0 19 516247 9 miller john c origins of the american revolution 1943 nash gary b the unknown american revolution the unruly birth of democracy and the struggle to create america 2005 isbn 0 670 03420 7 the sugar act retrieved 6 december 2005 external links text of the sugar act 1764 archived 5 september 2011 at the wayback machine recorded summary of passage of the sugar act v t e british laws relating to the american revolution royal proclamations acts of parliament and other legal issues relating to the american revolution before 1763 navigation acts wool act 1699 hat act 1732 molasses act 1733 iron act 1750 grenville ministry 1763 1765 royal proclamation of 1763 sugar act 1764 currency act 1764 quartering act 1765 stamp act 1765 rockingham ministry 1765 1766 repeal act march 1766 declaratory act march 1766 revenue act june 1766 chatham and grafton ministries 1766 1770 townshend acts 1767 north ministry 1770 1782 repeal act 1770 tea act 1773 coercive acts 1774 boston port act massachusetts government act administration of justice act quartering act quebec act conciliatory resolution february 1775 restraining acts march and april 1775 proclamation of rebellion august 1775 prohibitory act december 1775 taxation of colonies act 1778 other legal issues rights of englishmen writ of assistance admiralty courts parson s cause 1763 taxation without representation category v t e sugar as food commodity list of sugars and sugar products chemistry list of sugars monosaccharide fructose galactose glucose xylose disaccharide lactose maltose sucrose trehalose added sugar reducing sugar sources sugar beet sugarcane agave syrup birch coconut date honeydew maple palm malt products syrups list of syrups agave syrup barley malt syrup brown rice syrup cheong maesil cheong mogwa cheong yuja cheong corn syrup high fructose high maltose glucose syrup golden syrup honey inverted sugar syrup kuromitsu maple syrup mizuame molasses pine honey steen s cane syrup table syrup treacle yacón syrup solid forms brown peen tong candi sugar chancaca crystalline fructose gelling gula melaka jaggery misri molasses sugar muscovado nib non centrifugal cane sugar panela plantation reserve powdered preserving sucanat sugar candy barley sugar butterscotch candy hard rock candy toffee sugar glass sugarloaf wasanbon white other forms caramel cotton candy floss maple sugar foods rum sugar alcohol sugar confectionery sugarcane juice tuzemák unrefined sweeteners industry production boilery plantation casa grande refinery sugar bush sugarcane mill engenho batey zafra sugar marketing by region current australia bundaberg sugar csr wilmar sugar cuba caribbean kenya india mauritius philippines rwanda sri lanka south africa illovo sugar tongaat hulett tanzania uganda united kingdom british sugar tate lyle united states sugar association u s sugar program historical danish west indies fiji hawaii history 1811 german coast uprising amelioration act 1798 blackbirding colonial molasses trade demerara rebellion of 1823 holing cane leith sugar house molasses act reciprocity treaty of 1875 slavery in the british and french caribbean sugar act sugar duties acts 1846 sugar intervention taiwan sugar railways triangular trade culture added sugar crop over sugar shack sugaring sugar nips sugar packet sucrology sugar people sugar tit sugar sculpture treacle mining related australian aboriginal sweet foods bagasse blood sugar level cane knife flavored syrup fruit syrup date honey grape jallab health effects nectar sugar addiction sugars in wine residual sugar sugar substitute sweetened beverage sweetener sweetness vinasse research robert lustig john yudkin pure white and deadly 1972 category production v t e legislation of the parliament of great britain acts by year 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 acts by parliament and sessi...