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Text of the page (random words):
gation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 molecular structure and bonding toggle molecular structure and bonding subsection 1 1 monomer 1 2 trimer 1 3 polymer 2 chemical reactions toggle chemical reactions subsection 2 1 hydration and hydrofluorination 2 2 deoxygenation 2 3 oxidant 2 4 lewis acid 2 5 sulfonating agent 3 preparation toggle preparation subsection 3 1 industrial 3 2 laboratory 4 applications 5 safety 6 see also 7 references 8 sources toggle the table of contents sulfur trioxide 53 languages afrikaans العربية azərbaycanca تۆرکجه български বাংলা bosanski català čeština deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti فارسی suomi français gaeilge hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 кыргызча lietuvių latviešu македонски bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål occitan polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina chishona српски srpski svenska தமிழ் türkçe українська اردو tiếng việt 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia not to be confused with sulfite sulfur trioxide resonance structures space filling model 1 names preferred iupac name sulfur trioxide systematic iupac name sulfonylideneoxidane other names sulfuric anhydride sulfur vi oxide identifiers cas number 7446 11 9 y 3d model jsmol monomer interactive image γ trimer interactive image α β polymer interactive image monohydrate interactive image chebi chebi 29384 y chemspider 23080 y echa infocard 100 028 361 ec number 231 197 3 gmelin reference 1448 pubchem cid 24682 22235242 hemihydrate monohydrate 23035042 rtecs number wt4830000 unii hh2o7v4lyd n un number un 1829 comptox dashboard epa dtxsid1029673 inchi inchi 1s o3s c1 4 2 3 y key akejujnqaagona uhfffaoysa n y inchi 1 o3s c1 4 2 3 key akejujnqaagona uhfffaoyax monohydrate inchi 1s o3s h2o c1 4 2 3 h 1h2 key deuobquhdsdify uhfffaoysa n smiles monomer o s o o γ trimer o s0 o os o o os o o o0 α β polymer os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o os o o o monohydrate o o s o o properties chemical formula so 3 molar mass 80 06 g mol 1 appearance colorless to white crystalline solid which will fume in air 2 colorless liquid and gas 3 odor varies vapor is pungent like sulfur dioxide 4 mist is odorless 3 density 1 92 g cm 3 liquid melting point 16 9 c 62 4 f 290 0 k boiling point 45 c 113 f 318 k solubility in water reacts to give sulfuric acid thermochemistry std molar entropy s 298 256 77 jk 1 mol 1 std enthalpy of formation δ f h 298 395 7 kj mol hazards occupational safety and health ohs osh main hazards highly corrosive extremely strong dehydrating agent ghs labelling pictograms signal word danger hazard statements h314 h335 precautionary statements p261 p280 p305 p351 p338 p310 5 nfpa 704 fire diamond 3 0 3 w ox flash point non flammable lethal dose or concentration ld lc lc 50 median concentration rat 4 hr 375 mg m 3 citation needed safety data sheet sds icsc 1202 related compounds other cations selenium trioxide tellurium trioxide polonium trioxide related sulfur oxides sulfur monoxide sulfur dioxide related compounds sulfuric acid except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 c 77 f 100 kpa n verify what is y n infobox references chemical compound sulfur trioxide alternative spelling sulphur trioxide is the chemical compound with the formula so 3 it has been described as unquestionably the most economically important sulfur oxide 1 it is produced industrially on a vast scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid contact process and sulfonate based surfactants however it is not isolated in its own right due to the difficulties in safely storing and handling it sulfur trioxide exists in several forms gaseous monomer crystalline trimer and solid polymer sulfur trioxide is a solid at just below room temperature with a relatively narrow liquid range gaseous so 3 is the primary precursor to acid rain 6 molecular structure and bonding edit monomer edit the molecule so 3 is trigonal planar as predicted by vsepr theory its structure belongs to the d 3h point group the sulfur atom has an oxidation state of 6 and may be assigned a formal charge value as low as 0 if all three sulfur oxygen bonds are assumed to be double bonds or as high as 2 if the octet rule is assumed 7 when the formal charge is non zero the s o bonding is assumed to be delocalized in any case the three s o bond lengths are equal to one another at 1 42 å 1 the electrical dipole moment of gaseous sulfur trioxide is zero ball and stick model of the cyclic trimer of so 3 trimer edit both liquid and gaseous 8 so 3 exists in an equilibrium between the monomer and the cyclic trimer the nature of solid so 3 is complex and at least 3 polymorphs are known with conversion between them being dependent on traces of water 9 absolutely pure so 3 freezes at 16 8 c to give the γ so 3 form which adopts the cyclic trimer configuration s o 2 μ o 3 10 1 polymer edit an ampoule of sulfur trioxide if so 3 is condensed above 27 c then α so 3 forms which has a melting point of 62 3 c α so 3 is fibrous in appearance structurally it is the polymer s o 2 μ o n each end of the polymer is terminated with oh groups 1 β so 3 like the alpha form is fibrous but of different molecular weight consisting of a hydroxyl capped polymer but melts at 32 5 c both the gamma and the beta forms are metastable eventually converting to the stable alpha form if left standing for sufficient time this conversion is caused by traces of water 11 relative vapor pressures of solid so 3 are alpha beta gamma at identical temperatures indicative of their relative molecular weights liquid sulfur trioxide has a vapor pressure consistent with the gamma form thus heating a crystal of α so 3 to its melting point results in a sudden increase in vapor pressure which can be forceful enough to shatter a glass vessel in which it is heated this effect is known as the alpha explosion 11 chemical reactions edit sulfur trioxide undergoes many reactions 1 hydration and hydrofluorination edit so 3 is the anhydride of h 2 so 4 thus it is susceptible to hydration so 3 h 2 o h 2 so 4 δ f h 200 kj mol 12 gaseous sulfur trioxide fumes profusely even in a relatively dry atmosphere owing to formation of a sulfuric acid mist so 3 is aggressively hygroscopic the heat of hydration is sufficient that mixtures of so 3 and wood or cotton can ignite in such cases so 3 dehydrates these carbohydrates 11 akin to the behavior of h 2 o hydrogen fluoride adds to give fluorosulfuric acid so 3 hf fso 3 h deoxygenation edit so 3 reacts with dinitrogen pentoxide to give the nitronium salt of pyrosulfate 2 so 3 n 2 o 5 no 2 2 s 2 o 7 oxidant edit sulfur trioxide is an oxidant it oxidizes sulfur dichloride to thionyl chloride so 3 scl 2 socl 2 so 2 lewis acid edit so 3 is a strong lewis acid readily forming adducts with lewis bases 13 with pyridine it gives the sulfur trioxide pyridine complex related adducts form from dioxane and trimethylamine sulfonating agent edit sulfur trioxide is a potent sulfonating agent i e it adds so 3 groups to substrates often the substrates are organic as in aromatic sulfonation 14 for activated substrates lewis base adducts of sulfur trioxide are effective sulfonating agents 15 preparation edit the direct oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in air proceeds very slowly 2 so 2 o 2 2 so 3 δ h 198 4 kj mol industrial edit industrially so 3 is made by the contact process sulfur dioxide is produced by the burning of sulfur or iron pyrite a sulfide ore of iron after being purified by electrostatic precipitation the so 2 is then oxidised by atmospheric oxygen at between 400 and 600 c over a catalyst a typical catalyst consists of vanadium pentoxide v 2 o 5 activated with potassium oxide k 2 o on kieselguhr or silica support platinum also works very well but is too expensive and is poisoned rendered ineffective much more easily by impurities 16 the majority of sulfur trioxide made in this way is converted into sulfuric acid laboratory edit sulfur trioxide can be prepared in the laboratory by the two stage pyrolysis of sodium bisulfate sodium pyrosulfate is an intermediate product 17 dehydration at 315 c 2 nahso 4 na 2 s 2 o 7 h 2 o cracking at 460 c na 2 s 2 o 7 na 2 so 4 so 3 the latter occurs at lower temperatures around 300 c in the presence of catalytic h 2 so 4 18 khso 4 undergoes the same reactions at a higher temperature 17 another two step method involving a salt pyrolysis starts with concentrated sulfuric acid and anhydrous tin tetrachloride reaction between tin tetrachloride and sulfuric acid in a 1 2 molar mixture at near reflux 114 c sncl 4 2 h 2 so 4 sn so 4 2 4 hcl pyrolysis of anhydrous tin iv sulfate at 150 c 200 c sn so 4 2 sno 2 2 so 3 to further reduce water contamination oleum and a slight excess of tin iv chloride should be used the slight excess of sncl 4 can then be separated by carefully heating the solid tin iv sulfate under a vacuum to no more than 120 c the excess so 3 from the oleum and the remaining sncl 4 will react during hcl formation and form tin iv oxide and sulfuryl chloride if an excess of so 3 in the oleum is present relative to sncl 4 the tin iv oxide will absorb it and form more tin iv sulfate the advantage of this method over the sodium bisulfate one is that it can produce the pure trimer of so 3 since no water is present while still using safe temperatures for normal borosilicate laboratory glassware other dry sulfate salt pyrolysis reactions require higher temperatures which increases the risk of shattering a disadvantage is that it generates significant quantities of hydrogen chloride gas which needs to be captured as well so 3 may also be prepared by dehydrating sulfuric acid with phosphorus pentoxide 19 applications edit sulfur trioxide is a reagent in sulfonation reactions dimethyl sulfate is produced commercially by the reaction of dimethyl ether with sulfur trioxide 20 ch 3 och 3 so 3 ch 3 2 so 4 sulfate esters are used as detergents dyes and pharmaceuticals sulfur trioxide is generated in situ from sulfuric acid or is used as a solution in the acid b 2 o 3 stabilized sulfur trioxide was traded by baker adamson under the tradename sulfan in the 20th century 21 safety edit along with being an oxidizing agent sulfur trioxide is highly corrosive it reacts violently with water to produce highly corrosive sulfuric acid see also edit hypervalent molecule sulfur trioxide pyridine complex references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 greenwood norman n earnshaw alan 1997 chemistry of the elements 2nd ed butterworth heinemann pp 703 704 doi 10 1016 c2009 0 30414 6 isbn 978 0 08 037941 8 sulfur trioxide cameo chemicals noaa cameochemicals noaa gov 1 2 lerner l 2011 small scale synthesis of laboratory reagents with reaction modeling crc press p 10 isbn 9781439813133 lccn 2010038460 substance sulfur trioxide learn chemistry wiki rsc org sulfur trioxide 227692 pdf so3 archived from the original on 2020 09 01 retrieved 1 september 2020 thomas loerting klaus r liedl 2000 toward elimination of descrepancies between theory and experiment the rate constant of the atmospheric conversion of so 3 to h 2 so 4 proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 97 16 8874 8878 bibcode 2000pnas 97 8874l doi 10 1073 pnas 97 16 8874 pmc 16788 pmid 10922048 housecroft catherine e sharpe alan g 2012 inorganic chemistry 4 ed essex england pearson p 575 lovejoy r w colwell j h eggers d f halsey g d february 1962 infrared spectrum and thermodynamic properties of gaseous sulfur trioxide the journal of chemical physics 36 3 612 617 bibcode 1962jchph 36 612l doi 10 1063 1 1732581 holleman arnold frederik wiberg egon 2001 wiberg nils ed inorganic chemistry translated by eagleson mary brewer william san diego berlin academic press de gruyter isbn 0 12 352651 5 westrik r mac gillavry c h 1941 the crystal structure of the ice like form of sulphur trioxide γ modification recueil des travaux chimiques des pays bas 60 11 794 810 doi 10 1002 recl 19410601102 1 2 3 merck index of chemicals and drugs 9th ed monograph 8775 the manufacture of sulfuric acid and superphosphate pdf chemical processes in new zealand archived from the original pdf on 2018 01 27 retrieved 2016 04 22 cotton f albert wilkinson geoffrey murillo carlos a bochmann manfred 1999 advanced inorganic chemistry 6th ed new york wiley interscience isbn 0 471 19957 5 weil j k bistline jr r g stirton a j 1956 α sulfopalmitic acid organic syntheses 36 83 doi 10 15227 orgsyn 036 0083 rondestvedt jr christian s bordwell f g 1954 sodium β styrenesulfonate and β styrenesulfonyl chloride organic syntheses 34 85 doi 10 15227 orgsyn 034 0085 hermann müller sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide in ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry wiley vch weinheim 2000 doi 10 1002 14356007 a25_635 1 2 k j de vries p j gellings may 1969 the thermal decomposition of potassium and sodium pyrosulfate journal of inorganic and nuclear chemistry 31 5 1307 1313 doi 10 1016 0022 1902 69 80241 1 garagechemist preparation of sulfur trioxide and oleum pdf pp 1 2 how to make sulfur trioxide youtube www youtube com 21 september 2017 retrieved 1 september 2020 weisenberger karl mayer dieter sandler stanley r 2000 dialkyl sulfates and alkylsulfuric acids ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry doi 10 1002 14356007 a08_493 isbn 978 3 527 30385 4 habashi fathi dugdale raymond june 1973 1972 11 06 the action of sulfur trioxide on chalcopyrite metallurgical and materials transactions b 4 6 1553 1556 bibcode 1973mt 4 1553h doi 10 1007 bf02668007 s2cid 93744787 p 1553 sulfur trioxide used was pure colorless liquid so3 marketed under the trade name sulfan by baker and adamson sources edit nist standard reference database chemsub online v t e salts and covalent derivatives of the oxide ion h 2 o he li 2 o beo b 6 o bo b 2 o 3 c 2 o c 12 o 9 c 3 o 2 co co 2 co 3 c x o y n 2 o no n 2 o 2 n 2 o 3 n 2 o 4 no 2 n 2 o 5 n x o y o 2 2 f ne na 2 o mgo al 2 o alo al 2 o 3 sio sio 2 po p 4 o 6 p 4 o 10 so s 2 o 2 so 2 so 3 cl 2 o clo cl 2 o 4 clo 2 cl 2 o 5 cl 2 o 6 cl 2 o 7 ar k 2 o cao sc 2 o 3 tio ti 2 o 3 tio 2 vo v 2 o 3 vo 2 v 2 o 5 cro cr 2 o ...