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defines superflat in broad terms so the subject matter is very diverse some works explore the consumerism and sexual fetishism that is prevalent in post war japanese culture this often includes lolicon art which is parodied by works such as those by henmaru machino these works are an exploration of otaku sexuality through grotesque and or distorted images other works are more concerned with a fear of growing up for example yoshitomo nara s work often features playful graffiti on old japanese ukiyo e executed in a childish manner and some works focus on the structure and underlying desires that comprise otaku and overall post war japanese culture murakami is influenced by directors such as hideaki anno 5 superflat is not limited to contemporary art alone murakami cites older japanese pieces as superflat as well including katsushika hokusai s thunderstorm beneath the summit 1830 32 as an example of superflat 2 a subversive look at otakuism is not a defining factor of kaikai kiki s galleries bome one of the most important artists involved with the first superflat exhibition is a famous otaku figure sculptor and his work based on existing bishōjo anime characters has been showcased in multiple galleries including a solo exhibition in the kaikai kiki gallery the artist mr is a self described lolicon and views his artwork to be not a cultural commentary but a portrayal of his own personal fantasies 6 artists edit superflat artists include chiho aoshima keiichi tanaami ayako rokkaku mahomi kunikata sayuri michima yoshitomo nara yuko yamaguchi aya takano yusuke nakamura tomokazu matsuyama sebastian masuda fantasista utamaro and takashi murakami 7 8 in addition some animators within anime and some manga artists have had their past and present work exhibited in superflat exhibitions especially kōji morimoto keita takahashi seizō watase seiichi hayashi hibiki yoshizaki and the work of hitoshi tomizawa author of alien 9 and milk closet origins edit there are multiple factors that played a role for murakami to come up with his superflat claim in his manifesto he describes super flatness as an original concept of japanese who have been completely westernized that simultaneously links the past with the present and the future 9 the past in this case refers to art made during the edo period in japan where murakami finds his foremost inspiration in the works of fine art painters such as kano sansetsu ito jakuchu soga shohaku and katsushika hokusai murakami explains that his theory was born from a hypothesis created by art historian nobuo tsuji in his book the lineage of eccentricity 9 in his book tsuji critically analyses works from edo period painters and explains how the picture controls the speed and course of its observer s gaze creating an interaction between the surface and the viewer with a zigzag motion this is further elaborated in takashi murakami lineage of eccentrics a book that presents key examples of murakami s work alongside a selection of japanese masterpieces arranged according to the concepts laid out by tsuji himself it is mentioned that the juxtaposition of foreground forms extending horizontally across broad compositions and two dimensional surfaces is another feature that murakami has adapted for his own theory and contemporary subject matter 10 the particular sensibility of the gaze and inspiration from old masters is what murakami continues to incorporate in his own works an example of this is his painting called 727 a work made with acrylics on three panels in the middle is his alter ego depicted also known as mr dob riding a stylized wave that is a direct reference to hokusai s famous great wave off kanagawa the panels on which it was painted show a resemblance to the flat and often blank backgrounds characterizing in nihonga paintings and folding screens illustrating features of superflatness citation needed another field within the arts that according to both murakami and tsuji is closely related to eccentricity of traditional japanese art and also carries superflat features is animation in his manifesto murakami takes yoshinori kanada as a prime example of an animator whose work contains a compositional dynamic that resembles that of the eccentric artists to a startling degree 9 a connection can be made of modern day animation back to twelfth and thirteenth century japanese handscrolls where the narrative is composed across multiple sheets of joined paper read from right to left providing the observer once again a two dimensional flat space and composition where the gaze leads the viewer through the story 10 a different factor that played a role for the emergence of superflatness was the bursting bubble of the japanese economy in the 1990s where japan was led into uncertain territory and a loss of its sense of security michael darling explains that rabid consumerism and the slavish following of fads especially in fashion have further contributed to a culture of surfaces and superficiality representing still another facet of the superflat concept 11 darling 2001 he uses photography and fashion as further examples to illustrate superflatness and the hype and high consumer demand of japan citation needed see also edit hiropon sculpture my lonesome cowboy nijikon references edit natalie avella graphic japan from woodblock and zen to manga and kawaii rotovision 2004 p111 isbn 2 88046 771 3 1 2 3 4 steinberg marc aaron 2002 emerging from flatness murakami takashi and superflat aesthetics thesis proquest 305459576 1 2 hauser kitty october 2004 superflat kitty hauser on fan fare artforum international 43 129 oclc 5261037854 drohojowska philp hunter january 18 2001 superflat art exhibit review archived from the original on january 27 2021 frenchy lunning emerging worlds of anime and manga university of minnesota press 2006 p 133 isbn 0 8166 4945 6 chen aric may 2007 candy man archived 2017 07 15 at the wayback machine hint fashion magazine accessed 9 march 2009 superflat artnet com january 14 2001 retrieved october 27 2015 little boy the arts of japan s exploding subculture japansociety org april 8 2005 retrieved october 27 2015 1 2 3 murakami takashi november 1 2000 superflat japan madora shuppan isbn 978 4944079209 1 2 murakami takashi 2018 lineage of eccentrics a collaboration with nobuo tsuji and the museum of fine arts boston boston mfa publications p 65 isbn 978 0878468492 darling michael 2001 plumbing the depths of superflatness art journal 60 3 76 89 doi 10 2307 778139 jstor 778139 further reading edit store a ed 1999 takashi murakami the meaning of the nonsense of the meaning new york ny center for curatorial studies museum bard college in association with harry n abrams inc publishers isbn 0 8109 6702 2 murakami takashi ed 2018 lineage of eccentrics a collaboration with nobuo tsuji and the museum of fine arts boston boston mfa publications isbn 978 0878468492 murakami takashi ed 2001 superflat last gasp isbn 4 944079 20 6 murakami takashi ed 2003 little boy the arts of japan s exploding subculture new york japan society isbn 0 913304 57 3 darling michael 2001 plumbing the depths of superflatness art journal 60 3 76 89 doi 10 2307 778139 jstor 778139 external links edit kaikai kiki co ltd takashi murakami s official site featuring superflat artists superflat japanese postmodernity by hiroki azuma permanent dead link on blog emilkerie com superflat japanese postmodernity archived essay by hiroki azuma plumbing the depths of superflatness vol 60 no 3 archived from the original on november 9 2007 via findarticles inspired works from superflat overthinking superflat v t e premodern modern and contemporary art movements list of art movements periods premodern western ancient thracian dacian nuragic aegean cycladic minoan minyan ware mycenaean greek sub mycenaean protogeometric geometric orientalizing archaic black figure red figure severe style classical kerch style hellenistic baroque indo greek greco buddhist neo attic etruscan scythian iberian gaulish roman republican gallo roman julio claudian pompeian styles trajanic severan medieval late antique early christian coptic ethiopian migration period anglo saxon hunnic insular lombard visigothic donor portrait pictish mozarabic repoblación viking byzantine iconoclast macedonian palaeologan italo byzantine frankish merovingian carolingian pre romanesque ottonian romanesque mosan spanish norman norman sicilian opus anglicanum gothic gothic art in milan international gothic international gothic art in italy lucchese school crusades moscow school novgorod school vladimir suzdal school duecento sienese school mudéjar medieval cartography italian school majorcan school mappa mundi renaissance italian renaissance trecento proto renaissance florentine school pittura infamante quattrocento ferrarese school forlivese school venetian school cinquecento high renaissance bolognese school mannerism counter maniera northern renaissance early netherlandish world landscape ghent bruges school northern mannerism german renaissance cologne school danube school dutch and flemish renaissance antwerp mannerism romanism still life english renaissance tudor court cretan school turquerie fontainebleau school art of the late 16th century in milan 17th century baroque baroque in milan flemish baroque caravaggisti in utrecht tenebrism louis xiii style lutheran baroque stroganov school animal painting guild of romanists dutch golden age delft school capriccio heptanese school classicism louis xiv style poussinists and rubenists 18th century rococo rocaille louis xv style frederician chinoiserie fête galante neoclassicism goût grec louis xvi style adam style directoire style neoclassical architecture in milan picturesque colonial art art of the african diaspora african american caribbean haitian colonial asian art arts in the philippines letras y figuras tipos del país colonial asian baroque company style latin american art casta painting indochristian art chilote school cuzco school quito school latin american baroque art borrowing western elements islamic moorish manichaean mughal qajar qing handicrafts western influence in japan akita ranga uki e transition to modern c 1770 1862 romanticism fairy painting danish golden age troubadour style nazarene movement purismo shoreham ancients düsseldorf school pre raphaelites american hudson river school american luminism orientalism norwich school empire style historicism revivalism biedermeier realism barbizon school costumbrismo verismo macchiaioli academic art munich school in greece neo grec etching revival modern 1863 1944 1863 1899 neo romanticism national romanticism yōga nihonga japonisme anglo japanese style beuron school hague school peredvizhniki impressionism american hoosier group boston school amsterdam canadian heidelberg school aestheticism arts and crafts art pottery tonalism decadent movement symbolism romanian russian volcano school incoherents post impressionism neo impressionism luminism divisionism pointillism pont aven school cloisonnism synthetism les nabis american barbizon school california tonalism wilhelminism costumbrismo 1900 1914 art nouveau art nouveau in milan primitivism california impressionism secessionism school of paris munich secession vienna secession berlin secession sonderbund pennsylvania impressionism mir iskusstva ten american painters fauvism expressionism die brücke der blaue reiter noucentisme deutscher werkbund american realism ashcan school cubism proto cubism orphism a nyolcak neue künstlervereinigung münchen futurism cubo futurism art deco art deco in new york city metaphysical rayonism productivism synchromism vorticism 1915 1944 sosaku hanga suprematism school of paris crystal cubism constructivism latin american universal constructivism dada shin hanga neoplasticism de stijl purism return to order novecento italiano figurative constructivism stupid cologne progressives arbeitsrat für kunst november group australian tonalism dresden secession social realism functionalism bauhaus kinetic art anthropophagy mingei group of seven new objectivity grosvenor school neues sehen surrealism iranian latin american mexican muralism neo fauvism precisionism aeropittura asso scuola romana cercle et carré the group harlem renaissance kapists regionalism california scene painting heroic realism socialist realism nazi art streamline moderne concrete art abstraction création tiki the ten dimensionism boston expressionism leningrad school contemporary and postmodern 1945 present 1945 1959 international typographic style abstract expressionism washington color school visionary art vienna school of fantastic realism spatialism color field lyrical abstraction tachisme arte informale cobra nuagisme generación de la ruptura jikken kōbō metcalf chateau mono ha nanyang style action painting american figurative expressionism in new york new media art new york school hard edge painting bay area figurative movement les plasticiens gutai art association gendai bijutsu kondankai pop art situationist international soviet nonconformist ukrainian underground lettrism letterist international ultra lettrist florida highwaymen cybernetic art antipodeans 1960 1969 otra figuración afrofuturism nueva presencia zero happening neo dada neo dada organizers op art nouveau réalisme nouvelle tendance capitalist realism art language arte povera black arts movement the caribbean artists movement chicano art movement conceptual art land art systems art video art minimalism fluxus generative art post painterly abstraction intermedia psychedelic art nut art photorealism environmental art performance art process art institutional critique light and space street art feminist art movement in the us saqqakhaneh movement the stars art group tropicália yoru no kai artificial intelligence visual art 1970 1999 post conceptual art installation art artscene postminimalism endurance art sots art moscow conceptualists pattern and decoration pliontanism punk art neo expressionism transavantgarde saint soleil school guerrilla art lowbrow art telematic art appropriation art neo conceptual art new european painting tunisian collaborative painting memphis group cyberdelic neue slowenische kunst scratch video transgressive retrofuturism young british artists superfiction taring padi superflat new leipzig school artist run initiative artivism the designers republic grunge design verdadism chinese apartment art oscilloscope music 2000 present amazonian pop art altermodern art for art art game art intervention brandalism classical realism contemporary african art africanfuturism contemporary indigenous australian art crypto art cyborg art excessivism fictive art flat design corporate memphis hypermodernism hyperrealism idea art internet art post internet iphone art kitsch movement lightpainting massurrealism modern european ink painting neo futurism neomodern neosymbolism passionism post ybas relational art skeuomorphism software art sound art stuckism sup...